etc., these compounds are called heterocyclic compounds. Carbocyclic compounds are further subdivided into alicyclic and aromatic compounds. Alicyclic compounds contain one or more carbocyclic rings which may be saturated or unsaturated whereas aromatic compounds contain one or more benzene rings (ring containing alternate double bonds between carbon atoms). E.g.
Carbo (Homo) cyclic compounds Benzene Aromatic Compound Cyclobutane Alicyclic Compound or or CH CH HC HC C H H C H C H C CH CH Hetrocyclic compounds o Furan or CH CH HC O HC Figure . depicts the classification of organic compounds based on the pattern of carbon arrangements and their bonding in organic compounds: Carbon and its Compounds . CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (BASED ON THE KIND OF ATOMS) Other than carbon, organic compounds contain atoms like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc., bonded to the carbon. Combination of these kinds of atoms with carbon gives different classes of organic compounds.
In the following section, let us discuss various classes of organic compounds. . . Hydrocarbons The organic compounds that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms are called hydrocarbons.
The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compounds. These are regarded as the parent organic compounds and all other compounds are considered to be derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with other atoms or group of atoms. Hydrocarbons are, further, sub divided into three classes such as: (a) Alkanes: These are hydrocarbons, which contain only single bonds. They are represented by the general formula C n H 2n + (where n = , , , ……).
The simplest alkane (for n= ) is methane (CH ). Since, all are single bonds in alkanes, they are saturated compounds. (b) Alkenes: The hydrocarbons, which contain one or more C=C bonds are called alkenes. These are unsaturated compounds.
They are represented by the general formula C n H 2n . The simplest alkene contains two carbon atoms (n= ) and is called ethylene (C H ). (c) Alkynes: The hydrocarbons containing carbon to carbon