Raw materials for various important synthetic materials. Aldehydes Formaldehyde as a disinfectant. Raw materials for synthetic materials. Ketones As a solvent.
Stain Remover. Ethers Anaesthetic agents. Pain Killer. Esters All the cooking oils and lipids contain esters.
. SOAPS AND DETERGENTS Soaps and the Detergents are materials that are used by us for cleaning purposes because pure water alone cannot remove all types of dirt or any oily substance from our body or clothes. They contain ‘surfactants’, which are compounds with molecules that line up around water to break the ‘surface tension’. Both of them having a different chemical nature.
Soap is a cleaning agent that is composed of one or more salts of fatty acids. Detergent is a chemical compound or a mixture of chemical compounds, which is used as a cleaning agent, also. They perform their cleaning actions in certain specific conditions. You will learn more about this in detail, in the following units.
. . Soap Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of some long chain carboxylic acids, called fatty acids. Soap requires two major raw materials: i) fat and ii) alkali.
The alkali, most commonly used in the preparation of soap is sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can also be used. A potassium-based soap creates a more water- soluble product than a sodium-based soap. Based on these features, there are two types of soaps: A.
HARD SOAP Soaps, which are prepared by the saponification of oils or fats with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), are known as hard soaps. They are usually used for washing purposes. B. SOFT SOAP Soaps, which are prepared by the saponification of oils or fats with potassium salts , are known as soft soaps.
They are used for cleansing the body. Manufacture of soap KETTLE PROCESS: This is the oldest method. But, it is still widely used in the small scale preparation of Carbon and its Compounds soap. There are mainly, two steps to be followed in this process.
i) Saponification of oil: The oil, which is used in this process, is taken in an iron tank (kettle).