Movements Inspired by the Russian Revolution of the Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded at Tashkent, Uzbekistan in October . M.N. Roy, Abani Mukherjee, and M.P.T. Acharya were some of its founding members.
The British government in India made vigorous efforts to suppress the communist movement by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar M.N. Roy foisting a series of cases in the 1920s.
In a further attempt to eliminate the threat of communism M.N. Roy, S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmed, M. Singaravelar among others were arrested and tried in the Kanpur Conspiracy Case of .
(a) Foundation of Communist Party The communists used it as a platform to propagate their views and to expose the ‘true colour of British rule in India’. In an attempt to form a party an All India Communist Conference was held at Kanpur in . Singaravelar gave the Presidential Address. It led to the founding of the Communist Party of India in Indian soil.
Their efforts eventually led to the establishment of the All India Workers’ and Peasants’ Party in . (b) Revolutionary Activities The youths who were disillusioned with the sudden withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement by Gandhi took to violence. In , Hindustan Republican Army (HRA) was formed in Kanpur to overthrow the colonial rule by an armed rebellion. In , Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan and others held up a train carrying government money and looted in Kakori, a village near Lucknow.
They were arrested and tried in the Kakori Conspiracy Case. Four of them were sentenced to death while the others were sentenced to imprisonment. Bhagat Singh Rajguru Sukhdev Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and their comrades reorganized the HRA in Punjab. Influenced by socialist ideas they renamed it as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association in .
Sanders, a British police officer, responsible for S.A. Dange Nationalism: Gandhian Phase workers hit by loss of income and wage reduction, and problems of unemployment gained influence and was therefore banned in . The Congress, as a movement with a wide spectrum of political leanings, ranging from the extreme Left to the extreme Right, welded together by the goal of Swaraj, emerged as a powerful organisation. In , the Congress Socialist Party was formed by Jayaprakash Narayan, Acharya Narendra Dev and Minoo Masani.
‘Real Swaraj will come not by acquisition of authority by a few, but by the acquisition of the capacity by all to resist authority, when abused.’ - M. K. Gandhi