Unit  -  1

Unit - Outbreak of World War I and Its Aftermath Rise of Monopoly Capitalism After , the alliance of industry and finance seeking profits in markets for goods and capital, which was an essential characteristic of imperialism, became evident in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The old ideas of free trade collapsed. There were trusts in the USA and cartels in Germany. A trust is an industrial organisation engaged in the production or distribution of any commodity. The trust would possess adequate control over the supply and price of that commodity to its own advantage. Imperialism and its Essential Characteristics Capitalism inevitably led to imperialism. According to Lenin, imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism. Besides being a market for surplus goods, colonies served another purpose. Imperialism was not just about colonies. It became a total system, the logic of which was total militarisation and total war. Unit - India – Location, Relief and Drainage The southernmost point of the country is Pygmalion Point or Indira Point ( ° 'N latitude) located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The southernmost point of main land of India is Cape Comorin (Kanniyakumari). The northern point is Indira Col. The north-south extent of India is , km and it extends from Indira Col in Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Kanniyakumari in the south. The east-west extension is km and it stretches from Rann of Kutch (Gujarat) in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east. The Tropic of Cancer ( ° ′ N) passes through the middle of the country dividing it into two halves as northern temperate and southern tropical lands. India has been politically divided into states and union territories for administrative convenience. AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA EUROPE GREENLAND AUSTRALIA INDIAN OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN INDIA LOCATION IN THE WORLD INDIA A S I A E W N S Not to Scale ANTARCTICA Indian Standard Time (IST) The longitudinal difference between Gujarat in the west and Arunachal Pradesh in the east is about °. Since Arunachal Pradesh is towards east, it will have sunrise about two hours earlier than the sunrise at Gujarat which is in the west. In order to avoid these differences, Indian Standard Time is calculated. The local time of the central meridian of India is the standard time of India. India’s central meridian is ° ’ E longitude. It passes through Mirzapur and roughly bisects the country in terms of longitude. The IST is . hrs ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Find out the following West - East and North - South extension of India. Area wise which is the smallest and the largest state? The states which do not have an international border. India – Location, Relief and Drainage The Northern Mountains that function as a great wall is grouped into three divisions. ) The Trans-Himalayas ) The Himalayas ) Eastern Himalayas or Purvanchal hills. The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest fold mountain ranges in the World. . The Trans-Himalayas It lies to the north of the Great Himalayan Range. It lies in Jammu and Kashmir and Tibetan plateau. As its areal extent is more in Tibet, it is also known as Tibetan Himalayas. The Trans-Himalayas are about km wide in its eastern and western extremities and about km wide in its central part. They contain the Tethys sediments. The rocks of this region contain fossils bearing marine sediments which are underlain by ‘Tertiary granite’. It has partly metamorphosed sediments and constitutes the core of the Himalayan axis. The prominent ranges of the Trans Himalayas are Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram. . The Himalayas It constitutes the core part of the northern mountains. It is an young fold mountain. It was formed by the movement of Eurasian land mass in the north and Gondwana land mass in the south. The Tethys sea found between these two land masses was uplifted by the compression and the resultant landform was the Himalayas. It consists of many ranges. The main divisions of the Himalayas are the