Action

Action Hormones circulate in the blood but their concentration can increase or decrease based on the requirement of the body. This is controlled by feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms control the secretion of endocrine glands by stimulating the hypothalamus, pituitary or both, which inturn governs the secretion of a particular hormone. In positive feedback, the secretion of the hormone increases where as in negative feedback further secretion of hormone slows down. Feedback mechanisms are the key factors for maintaining homeostasis in our body. Hormones are classified into three major groups as peptide hormones, steroid hormones and amino acid derived hormones based on their chemical structure. Peptide hormones cannot cross the phospolipid cell membrane and bind to the receptors on the exterior cell surface. They are are transported to the golgi, which is the site of modification. It acts as a first messenger in the cell. Hormones on binding to their receptors do not enter the target cell but generate the production of second messengers such as cyclic AMP (c AMP), which in turn regulates cellular metabolism. This is catalyzed by the enzyme adenylate cyclase . The interaction between the hormone at the surface and the effect brought out by cAMP within the cell is known as signaling cascade. At each step there is a possibility of amplification. (Figure . ) . One hormone molecule may bind to multiple receptor molecules before it is degraded. . Each receptor may activate several adenylate cyclases each of which make much c AMP. . Thus there is more signal after each step. The actions of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterases. The effect of peptide hormones like insulin, glucagon, somatotropin are usually short lived because they work through second messenger system. Steroid hormones can easily cross the cell membrane, and bind to their receptors, which are intracellular or intranuclear. Upon binding to the receptors, they pair up with another receptor – hormone complex (dimerize).This dimer can then bind to DNA and alter its transcription. (Figure . ) The effect of steroid hormones such as aldosterone, oestrogen, FSH are long lived, as they alter the amount of mRNA and protein in a cell. Amino acid derived hormones are derived from one or two aminoacid with a few additional modifications. Thyroid hormone is synthesised from tyrosine and includes the addition of several Figure . : Mechanism of peptide hormone action XI Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- iodine atoms. Epinephrine an amino acid derivative may function through second messenger system like peptide hormones or they may actually enter the cell and function like steroid hormones. Figure . Mechanism of steroid hormone action Avoid use of steroid components The abuse of anabolic steroids can cause serious health problems like high BP, heart diseases, liver damage, cancer, stroke and blood clots. Other side effects of steroid use includes nausea, vomiting, ligament and tendon injuries, head ache, joint pain, muscle cramps, diarrhoea, sleep problem etc.