­Carbohydrates and Fats

­Carbohydrates and Fats Absorption is a process by which the end product of digestion passes through the intestinal mucosa into the blood and lymph. The villi in the lumen of ileum are the absorbing units, consisting of a lacteal duct in the middle surrounded by fine network of blood capillaries. The process of absorption involves active, passive and facilitated transport. Small amounts of glucose, amino acids and electrolytes like chloride ions are generally absorbed by simple diffusion. The passage of these substances into the blood depends upon concentration gradients. However, some of the substances like fructose are absorbed with the help of the carrier ions like Na + . This mechanism is called facilitated transport. XI Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- diffusion or active transport. Transport of water depends upon the osmotic gradient. Absorption of substances in the alimentary canal takes place in mouth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. However maximum absorption takes place in the small intestine. Absorption of simple sugars, alcohol and medicines takes place in the stomach. Certain drugs are absorbed by blood capillaries in the lower side of the tongue and mucosa of mouth. Large intestine is also involved in absorption of more amounts of water, vitamins, some minerals and certain drugs. Absorbed substances are transported through blood and lymph to the liver through the hepatic portal system. From the liver, nutrients are transported to all other regions of the body for utilization. All the body tissues utilize the absorbed Nutrients like amino acids, glucose and electrolytes like Na + are absorbed into the blood against the concentration gradient by active transport. The insoluble substances like fatty acids, glycerol and fat soluble vitamins are first incorporated into small, spherical water soluble droplets called micelles and are absorbed into the intestinal mucosa where they are re-synthesized into protein coated fat globules called chylomicrons which are then transported into the lacteals within the intestinal villi and eventually empty into lymphatic duct. The lymphatic ducts ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream. While the fatty acids are absorbed by the lymph duct, other materials are absorbed either actively or passively by the capillaries of the villi (Figure. . ). Water soluble vitamins are absorbed by simple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igure . Process of Digestion and Absorption XI Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- substance for their activities and incorporate into their protoplasm, this process is called assimilation.