is surrounded by electrons that move around the nucleus with a very high speed in circular paths called orbits . Thus, Rutherford’s model of atom resembles the solar system in which the nucleus plays the role of sun and the electrons that of revolving planets. (iii) Electrons and the nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of attraction. .
. Atomic Number and Mass Number The presence of positive charge on the nucleus is due to the protons in the nucleus. As established earlier, the charge on the proton is equal but opposite to that of electron. The number of protons present in the nucleus is equal to atomic number ( Z ).
For example, the number of protons in the hydrogen nucleus is , in sodium atom it is , therefore their atomic numbers are and respectively. In order to keep the electrical neutrality, the number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons (atomic number, Z ). For example, number of electrons in hydrogen atom and sodium atom are and respectively. Atomic number ( Z ) = number of protons in the nucleus of an atom = number of electrons in a nuetral atom ( .
) While the positive charge of the nucleus is due to protons, the mass of the nucleus, due to protons and neutrons. As discussed earlier protons and neutrons present in the nucleus are collectively known as nucleons . The total number of nucleons is termed as mass number (A) of the atom. mass number (A) = number of protons ( Z ) + number of neutrons (n) ( .
) . . Isobars and Isotopes The composition of any atom can be represented by using the normal element symbol (X) with super-script on the left hand side as the atomic mass number (A) and subscript ( Z ) on the left hand side as the atomic number (i.e., A Z X). Isobars are the atoms with same mass number but different atomic number for example, C and N.
On the other hand, atoms with identical atomic