Measurement and Evaluation

and E ctomorphy ) In the 1940s, American Psychologist William Herbert Sheldon developed a theory that there are three body types, or somato types — Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph. The names were given after the three germ layers of embryonic development; the endoderm (develops into the digestive tract), the mesoderm (becomes muscle, heart and blood vessels), and the ectoderm (forms the skin and nervous system). Each somato type has its own distinct physical characteristics and supposedly distinet personality as well. The unique physical characteristics of each body type are still widely used as an important factor while designing workout routines for the individual.

Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph Fig. . : Three body types . Endomorph: An endomorphic individual typically has short arms and legs and a large amount of mass on their frame.

Their mass hampers their ability to compete in sports requiring high levels of agility or speed and perform sustained weight bearing aerobic activities such as running. Sports of pure strength, like power lifting, are perfect for an endomorph. They can gain weight easily and lose condition quickly if the training stops. Such individuals have: (i) a pear shaped body (ii) a rounded head (iii) wide hips and shoulders (iv) wider front to back rather than side to side (v) a lot of fat on the body, upper arms and thighs (vi) Such individuals are good for sports such as rugby where bulk is useful, provided it can be moved powerfully.

They tend to have large lung capacity which can make them suited to sports such as rowing. They can increase muscle mass much more easily than ectomorphs. . Mesomorph: A mesomorphic individual excels in strength, agility, and speed related games/sports.

Their medium structure and height, along with their tendency to gain muscle and strength easily makes them a strong candidate for a top athlete in any sport. They can sustain low body fat levels and find it easy to lose and gain weight. They have: (i) a wedge shaped body (ii) a cubical head (iii) wide broad shoulders (iv) muscled arms and legs (v) narrow hips (vi) narrow from front to back rather than side to side (vii) minimum amount of fat (viii) Such individuals have sport benefits. They can respond well to cardiovascular and resistance training and can sustain low body fat levels.

All the muscle groups can be used by them to derive positive training adoption. (ix) Depending on the sport’s needs, they can easily gain or lose weight . Ectomorph: A predominantly ectomorphic individual is long, slender and thin, and therefore power and strength sports are perhaps not suitable as they are more susceptible to injuries. While they can easily get lean and hard, their lack of musculature, severely limits their chances in sports requiring mass.

Ectomorphs dominate endurance sports and gymnastics. They can archive low levels of body fat which can be detrimental to health and for females in endurance sports, it can result in a cessation of periods and iron deficiency. Such individuals have: (i) a high forehead (ii) receding chin (iii) narrow shoulders and hips (iv) a narrow chest and abdomen (v) thin arms and legs (vi) little muscle and fat One can conclude that every individual should try to find out by using these tests to see what types of activities should be done to remain healthy and fit. I.

Long Answer Questions . List and explain the tests related to muscular strength. . List and explain the tests related to muscular endurance.

. Write down the procedure of Abdominal Curl-up test. . Explain the waist-hip ratio in detail.

. Explain the three somato types in detail. II. Short Answer Questions .

What is test? . What is measurement? .

What is evaluation? . What is flexibility? .

Write down two characteristics of each somato type. III. Fill in the Blanks . is calculated by dividing weight by the square of height.

. is a tool. . Measurement can be or both.

. Two types of flexibility are flexibility and flexibility. IV. State whether True or False .

BMI stands for body measurement index. . Flexibility is range of motion around the various joints. .

Anthropometer or stadiometer is used for measuring weight. . The objective of squat thrust is to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of the lower body. .

The objective of abdominal curl-up test is to identify and assess the muscular strength and endurance of back muscles. . The objective of push-up test is to identify and assess muscular strength and endurance of the upper body.