parts of the body. These glands make internal secretions locally and produce one or more hormones. Hormones are physiological substances having the power to increase or decrease the activity level of the body or certain organs of the body. For example, thyroid gland releases thyroxin hormone which influences the skeletal and muscular growth.
In the absence of this hormone in appropriate proportion, growth and development is affected. Similarly, the adrenal glands are situated very close to kidneys. These secrete adrenaline, which is responsible for strong and rapid heartbeat, release of stored sugar from liver and controls blood pressure. Gonads are repoductive glands, which secrete hormones that affect our growth and sexual behaviour.
Learning and Reinforcement Learning is the most important and fundamental topic in the whole science of psychology. Development consists of maturation and learning. Learning includes much more than school learning. Learning goes to help the child in the physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, social, and attitudinal developments.
All knowledge and skill, all good and bad habits, all acquaintances with people and things, all attitudes built up while dealing with people and things are learned. Reinforcement is an important factor in learning. Exercise or activity is necessary for learning. It may be a motor activity, as in playing on a musical instrument, or it may be a sensory activity as in listening to a piece of music.
Whatsoever, there must be activity in some form. ‘Learning by doing’, is an old psychological proverb. Now it is accepted that, activity should be repeated till we get the desired results. So the saying should be replaced as ‘learning by doing and getting results’.
Pollution According to studies, air pollution not only affects the respiratory organs but also has harmful effects on human growth. Indoor pollution or the pollution from housing conditions can result in ill health which can negatively impact human growth and development. For example, lead exposure from deteriorated lead-based paint in older housing can be very harmful. Lead is very harmful for children as it simply gets immersed into the growing bodies of children and obstructs the normal development