Estimated Extent of Mongol Destruction · Part 2

very quickly. His engineers prepared light portable equipment, which was used against opponents with devastating effect. c. Birth of Temujin 1160s-70s Years spent in slavery and struggle 1180s-90s Period of alliance formation - Expansion and triumph Temujin proclaimed Genghis Khan, ‘Universal Ruler’ of the Mongols Death of Genghis Khan - Rule of the three Great Khans and continued Mongol unity - Ogodei son of Genghis Khan - Guyuk son of Ogodei - Mongke son of Genghis Khan’s youngest son, Tuluy. - Campaigns in Russia, Hungary, Poland and Austria under Batu, son of Jochi, Genghis Khan’s eldest son - Beginning of fresh campaigns in Iran and China under Mongke Capture of Baghdad and the end of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate. Establishment of the Il- Khanid state of Iran under Hulegu, younger brother of Mongke. Beginning of conflict between the Jochids and the Il-Khans Opp. page: ‘Barbarians’ as imagined by a European artist. Accession of Qubilai Khan as Grand Khan in Peking. Conflict amongst descendents of Genghis Khan;fragmentation of Mongol realm into independent lineages – Toluy, Chaghatay and Jochi (Ogodei’s lineage defeated and absorbed into the Toluyid) Toluyids: Yuan dynasty in China and Il-Khanid state in Iran; Chaghatayids in steppes north of Transoxiana and ‘Turkistan’; Jochid lineages in the Russian steppes, described as the ‘Golden Horde’ by observers - The reign of Berke, son of Batu, Reorientation of the Golden Horde from Nestorian Christianity towards Islam. Definitive conversion takes place only in the 1350s. Start of the alliance between the Golden Horde and Egypt against the Il-Khans - The reign of the Il-Khanid ruler Ghazan Khan in Iran. His conversion from Buddhism to Islam is followed gradually by other Il-Khanid chieftains End of the Yuan dynasty in China - Rule of Timur, a Barlas Turk who claimed Genghis Khanid descent through the lineage of Chaghtay. Establishes a steppe empire that assimilates part of the dominions of Toluy (excluding China), Chaghatay and Jochi. Proclaims himself ‘Guregen’ – ‘royal son-in- law’ – and marries a princess of the Genghis Khanid lineage - Zahiruddin Babur, descendant of Timur and