Faith, Community and Politics

Faith, Community and Politics During - , the Prophet Muhammad preached the worship of a single God, Allah, and the membership of a single community of believers ( umma ). This was the origin of Islam. Muhammad was an Arab by language and culture and a merchant by profession. Sixth-century Arab culture was largely confined to the Arabian peninsula and areas of southern Syria and Mesopotamia. *Aramaic is a language related to Hebrew and Arabic. It has also been used in Ashokan inscriptions. The Arabs were divided into tribes* ( qabila ), each led by a chief who was chosen partly on the basis of his family connections but more for his personal courage, wisdom and generosity ( murawwa ). Each tribe had its own god or goddess, who was worshipped as an idol ( sanam ) in a shrine ( masjid ). Many Arab tribes were nomadic (Bedouins), moving from dry to green areas (oases) of the desert in search of food (mainly dates) and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practised trade or agriculture. Muhammad’s own tribe, Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine there, a cube-like structure called Kaba, in which idols were placed. Even tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba holy and installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimages ( hajj ) to the shrine. Mecca was located on the crossroads of a trade route between Yemen and Syria which further enhanced the city’s importance (see Map p. ). The Meccan shrine was a sanctuary ( haram ) where violence was forbidden and protection given to all visitors. Pilgrimage and commerce gave the nomadic and settled tribes opportunities to communicate with one another and share their beliefs and customs. Although the polytheistic Arabs were vaguely familiar with the notion of a Supreme God, Allah (possibly under the influence of the Jewish and Christian tribes living in their midst), their attachment to idols and shrines was more immediate and stronger. Around , Muhammad declared himself to be the messenger ( rasul ) of God who had been commanded to