Faith, Community and Politics

During - , the Prophet Muhammad preached the worship of a single God, Allah, and the membership of a single community of believers ( umma ). This was the origin of Islam. Muhammad was an Arab by language and culture and a merchant by profession. Sixth-century Arab culture was largely confined to the Arabian peninsula and areas of southern Syria and Mesopotamia. *Aramaic is a language related to Hebrew and Arabic. It has also been used in Ashokan inscriptions. The Arabs were divided into tribes* ( qabila ), each led by a chief who was chosen partly on the basis of his family connections but more for his personal courage, wisdom and generosity ( murawwa ). Each tribe had its own god or goddess, who was worshipped as an idol ( sanam ) in a shrine ( masjid ). Many Arab tribes were nomadic (Bedouins), moving from dry to green areas (oases) of the desert in search of food (mainly dates) and fodder for their camels. Some settled in cities and practised trade or agriculture. Muhammad’s own tribe, Quraysh, lived in Mecca and controlled the main shrine there, a cube-like structure called Kaba, in which idols were placed. Even tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba holy and installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimages ( hajj ) to the shrine. Mecca was located on the crossroads of a trade route between Yemen and Syria which further enhanced the city’s importance (see Map p. ). The Meccan shrine was a sanctuary ( haram ) where violence was forbidden and protection given to all visitors. Pilgrimage and commerce gave the nomadic and settled tribes opportunities to communicate with one another and share their beliefs and customs. Although the polytheistic Arabs were vaguely familiar with the notion of a Supreme God, Allah (possibly under the influence of the Jewish and Christian tribes living in their midst), their attachment to idols and shrines was more immediate and stronger. Around , Muhammad declared himself to be the messenger ( rasul ) of God who had been commanded to preach that Allah alone should be worshipped. The worship involved simple rituals, such as daily prayers ( salat ), and moral principles, such as distributing alms and abstaining from theft. Muhammad was to found a community of believers ( umma ) bound by a common set of religious beliefs. The community would bear witness ( shahada ) to the existence of the religion before God as well as before members of other religious communities. Muhammad’s message particularly appealed to those Meccans who felt deprived of the gains from trade and religion and were looking for a new community identity. Those who accepted the doctrine were called Muslims. They were promised salvation on the Day of Judgement ( qiyama ) and a share of the resources of the community while on earth. The Muslims soon faced considerable opposition from affluent Meccans who took offence to the rejection of their deities and found the new religion a threat to the status and prosperity of Mecca. In , Muhammad was forced to migrate with his followers to Medina. Muhammad’s journey from Mecca ( hijra ) was a turning point in the history of Islam, with the year of his arrival in Medina marking the beginning of the Muslim calendar. *Tribes are societies organised on the basis of blood relationships. The Arab tribes were made up of clans or combinations of large families. Unrelated clans also merged to make a tribe stronger.