Movements · Part 3

large. Nadwat al-‘ulama A school less conservative than Deoband and more responsive to the demands of the modern age was the Nadwat al-‘ulama,’ founded Islam, and (ii) Social reforms among Muslims relating to purdah, polygamy, and divorce. Syed’s progressive social ideas were propagated through his magazine Tahdhib-ul- Akhluq (Improvement of Manners and Morals). Syed Ahmad Khan’s educational p r o g r a m m e emphasized from the outset the advantages of the use of English as the medium of instruction. In he founded a Scientific Society of Aligarh for the introduction of Western sciences through translations into Urdu of works on physical sciences. The same year he founded a modern school at Ghazipur. In he promoted the formation of education committees in several districts, to initiate modern education among the Muslims. During his visit to Europe in – he developed the plans of his life-work, a major educational institution for Indian Muslims. In order to promote English education among the Muslims, he founded in a modern school at Aligarh, which soon developed into the Muhammdan Anglo–Oriental College ( ). This college was to become the Muslim University after his death. It became the nursery of Muslim political and intellectual leaders. In Syed Ahmad Khan founded the Muhammedan Anglo Oriental Educational Conference as a general forum for spreading liberal ideas among the Indian Muslims. He rejected blind adherence to religious law and asked for a reinterpretation of the Quran in the light of reason to suit the new trends of the time. He attempted to liberalize Indian Islam and made it amenable to new ideas and new interpretations. In this mission he had to face the brunt of vehement attacks of orthodox theologians . Ahmadiya Movement ( ) The Ahmadiya movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmed ( – ) in Syed Ahmad Khan XI History - Lesson - - Towards Modernity progressive ideas of the nineteenth century. The Singh Sabha Movement was formed in , with a two-fold objective (i) to make available modern western education to the Silkhs (ii) to counter the proselytizing activities