7C. Historical Perspective in India The manufacture of sophisticated textiles in India is as ancient as the Indian civilisation. Fabric has been used as a symbol while describing the creation of the universe in the Rig Veda and the Upanishads . The universe, in these texts, is described as ‘a fabric woven by the Gods’.
The appearance of Day and Night, as they bring light and darkness over the earth, are compared to the movement of the shuttle in the loom by the weaver. Weaving is one of the oldest arts and fine fabric products have been made from very early times. Cloth fragments, as well as terracotta spindles and bronze needles, that have been found at the excavation site at Mohenjo- Daro, are evidence that the traditions of cotton spinning, weaving, dyeing and embroidery in India are at least years old. India was first among the ancient civilisations to discover colour and perfect the technique of application on textile materials, especially on cotton.
Dyed and printed cotton fabrics were exported to other nations and they were known for their colourfastness properties. Classical (Greek and Latin) literature has reference to them, e.g., “colour on Indian fabrics is as lasting as wisdom”. Throughout the period of recorded history there are references extolling the excellence of Indian fabrics made from cotton, silk and wool. They were known for their fabric characteristics as also for designs produced on them through weaving, resist dyeing, printing and embroidery.
They soon became coveted items of trade, helped in political linkages and influenced the establishment of such industries in other countries. From around 15th century onwards India was the greatest exporter of textiles ever known. The setting up of the various East India Companies by the European nations was associated with textile trade from India.