Common human diseases

Common human diseases Bacterial diseases • Dysentery • Plague • Diphtheria • Cholera • Typhoid • Pneumonia Viral diseases • Common cold • Mumps • Measles • Viral hepatitis • Dengue fever • Chikungunya • Chicken pox • Poliomyelitis Fungal diseases • Candidiasis • Athlete’s foot Protozoan diseases • Malaria • Amoebiasis • African sleeping sickness • Kala-azar Helminthic diseases • Ascariasis • Filariasis Bacterial resistance If an antibiotic is used too often to fight a specific bacterial infection, the bacteria may become resistant to the specific antibiotic. Hence the specific antibiotic can no longer be used to treat the bacterial infection. Some bacteria have developed resistance to many antibiotics. Therefore, infections caused by these bacteria are difficult to be cured. Risk of bacterial resistance can be reduced by observing the following steps • Avoid using antibiotics to treat minor infections that can be taken care by our immune system. • Do not use an antibiotic to treat viral infections such as common cold or flu. • Always follow the prescription. Skipping doses or failing to complete the prescription may allow antibiotic resistance to develop. emit toxins and affects the body. Common pathogenic bacteria and the bacterial diseases are given in table . . Bacteria spread through air, water or by inhaling the droplets/aerosols or even XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- Human Health and Diseases S. No Diseases Causative agent Site of infection Mode of transmission Symptoms Shigellosis (Bacillary dysentery) Shigella sp. Intestine Food and water contaminated by faeces / faecal oral route Abdominal pain, dehydration, blood and mucus in the stools Bubonic plague ( Black death) Yersinia pestis Lymph nodes Rat flea vector- Xenopsylla cheopis Fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae Larynx, skin, nasal and genital passage Droplet infection Fever, sore throat, hoarseness and difficulty in breathing Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Contaminated food and water/ faecal oral route Severe diarrhoea and dehydration Tetanus ( Lock jaw) Clostridium tetani Spasm of muscles Through wound infection Rigidity of jaw muscle, increased heart beat rate and spasm of the muscles of the jaw and face Typhoid ( Enteric fever) Salmonella typhi Intestine Through contaminated food and water Headache, abdominal discomfort, fever and diarrhoea Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Lungs Droplet infection Fever, cough, painful breathing and brown sputum Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lungs Droplet infection Thick mucopurulant nasal discharge Table . . Bacterial diseases in human beings by sharing utensils, dresses with an infected person. Typhoid fever can be confirmed by Widal test .