Diseases (STD)

Diseases (STD) Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or Venereal diseases (VD) or Reproductive tract infections (RTI) are called as Sexually transmitted infections (STI). Normally STI are transmitted from person to person during intimate sexual contact with an infected partner. Infections like Hepatitis-B and HIV are transmitted sexually as well as by sharing Approximately half of unintended pregnancies are due to contraceptive failure, largely owing to inconsistent or incorrect use of contraceptive methods. The effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception (intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants) is superior to that of contraceptive pills, patch, or ring and is not altered in adolescents and young women. Educating young women about the usage of intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants would dramatically reduce the number of unintended pregnancies among women seeking family planning. According to World Health Organization (WHO), more than one million people globally acquires a sexually transmitted infection every day. India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world, with . million people living with HIV. TNHSP (Tamilnadu health systems project), a unit of the Health and family welfare department of the Government of Tamilnadu does free screening for cervical and breast cancer. XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- Reproductive Health Name of the Disease Causative agent Symptom Incubation period Bacterial STI Gonorrhoea Neisseria gonorrhoeae Affects the urethra, rectum and throat and in females the cervix also get affected. Pain and pus discharge in the genital tract and burning sensation during urination. to days Syphilis Treponema pallidum Primary stage Formation of painless ulcer on the external genitalia. Secondary stage Skin lesions, rashes, swollen joints and fever and hair loss. Tertiary stage Appearance of chronic ulcers on nose, lower legs and palate. Loss of movement, mental disorder, visual impairment, heart problems, gummas (soft non-cancerous growths) etc., to days Chlamydiasis Chlamydia trachomatis Trachoma , affects the cells of the columnar epithelium in the urinogenital tract, respiratory tract and conjunctiva. to weeks or upto weeks Lymphogranuloma venereum Chlamydia trachomatis Cutaneous or mucosal genital damage, urithritis and endocervicitis. Locally harmful ulcerations and genital elephantiasis. Viral STI Genital herpes Herpes simplex virus Sores in and around the vulva, vagina, urethra in female or sores on or around the penis in male. Pain during urination, bleeding between periods. Swelling in the groin nodes. - days (average days) Genital warts Human papilloma virus (HPV) Hard outgrowths (Tumour) on the external genitalia, cervix and perianal region. - months Hepatitis-B Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Fatigue, jaundice, fever, rashes and stomach pain. Liver cirrhosis and liver failure occur in the later stage. - days AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Enlarged lymph nodes, prolonged fever, prolonged diarrhoea, weight reduction, night sweating. to weeks even more than years Table . . STD and their symptoms XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- Reproductive Health Name of the Disease Causative agent Symptom Incubation period Fungal STI Candidiasis Candida albicans Attacks mouth, throat, intestinal tract and vagina. Vaginal itching or soreness, abnormal vaginal discharge and pain during urination. _ Protozoan STI Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginitis , greenish yellow vaginal discharge, itching and burning sensation, urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis - days