Translation · Part 3

as the aminoacyl site (A site), the peptidyl site (P site) and the exit site (E site). The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site. The next step in prokaryotic translation is to position the second tRNA at the ‘A’ site of the ribosome to form hydrogen bonds between its anticodon and the second codon on the mRNA (step1). This step requires the correct transfer RNA, another GTP and two proteins called elongation factors (EF-Ts and EF-Tu). Once the charged tRNA molecule is positioned at the A site, the enzyme peptidyl transferase catalyses the formation of peptide bonds that link the two amino acids together (step ). At the same time, the covalent bond between the amino acid and tRNA occupying the P site is hydrolyzed (broken). The product of this reaction is a dipeptide which is attached to the ' end of tRNA still residing in the A site. For elongation to be repeated, the tRNA attached to the P site, which is now uncharged is released from the large subunit. The uncharged tRNA moves through the ‘ E’ site on the ribosome. The entire mRNA-tRNA-aa1-aa2 complex shifts in the direction of the ‘P’ site by a distance Fig. . c- Elongation of the growing polypeptide chain during translation XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- Molecular Genetics convincing. Regulation of gene expression has been extensively studied in prokaryotes, especially in E. coli . Gene expression can be controlled or regulated at transcriptional or post transcriptional or translational level. Here, we are going to discuss regulation of gene expression at transcriptional level. Usually, small extracellular or intracellular metabolites trigger initiation or inhibition of gene expression. The clusters of gene with related functions are called operons . They usually transcribe single mRNA molecules. In E.coli , nearly genes are grouped into different operons. Many antibiotics do not allow pathogenic bacteria to flourish in animal host because they inhibit one or the other stage of bacterial protein synthesis. The antibiotic tetracycline inhibits binding between aminoacyl tRNA and mRNA.