M anagement as a S cience

Science is a systematised body of knowledge that explains certain general truths or the operation of general laws. The basic features of science are as follows: Anthropology – Anthropology is the study of societies, which helps us learn about human beings and their activities. Anthropologists’ work on cultures and environments, for instance, has helped managers to better understand differences in fundamental values, attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within different organisations. Economics – Economics is concerned with the allocation and distribution of scarce resources.

It provides us with an understanding of the changing economy as well as the role of competition and free markets in a global context. An understanding of free trade and protectionist policies is absolutely essential to any manager operating in the global marketplace, and these topics are addressed by economists. Philosophy – Philosophy courses inquire into the nature of things, particularly values and ethics. Ethics are standards that govern human conduct.

These ethics have shaped today’s organisations by providing a basis for legitimate authority, linking rewards to performance, and justifying the existence of business and the corporate form. Political Science – Political science is the study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment. Management is affected by a nation’s form of government – by whether it allows its citizens to hold property, by its citizens’ ability to engage in and enforce contracts, and by the appeal mechanisms available to redress grievances. A nation’s stand on property, contracts, and justice, in turn, shapes the type, form, and policies of its organisations.

Psychology – Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behaviour of humans and other animals. Today’s managers confront both a diverse customer base and a diverse set of employees. Psychologists’ efforts to understand gender and cultural diversity provide managers with a better perception of the needs of their changing customer and employee populations. Psychology courses are also relevant to managers in terms of gaining a better understanding of motivation, leadership, trust, employee selection, performance appraisals, and training techniques.

Sociology – Sociology is the study of people in relation to their fellow human beings. What are some of the sociological issues that have relevance to managers? Here are a few. How are societal changes such as globalisation, increasing cultural diversity, changing gender roles, and varying forms of family life affecting organisational practices?

What are the implications of schooling practices and education trends on future employees’ skills and abilities? Answers to questions such as these have a major effect on how managers operate their businesses.