quality level of the manufactured product. This is done by ‘Process Control’. In Process Control the proportion of defective items in the production process is to be minimized and it is achieved through the technique of control charts. Product Control means that controlling the quality of the product by critical examination through sampling inspection plans.
Product Control aims at a certain quality level to be guaranteed to the customers. It attempts to ensure that the product sold does not contain a large number of defective items. Thus it is concerned with classification of raw materials, semi-finished goods or finished goods into acceptable or rejectable products. Control Charts In an industry, there are two kinds of problems to be faced, namely (i) To check whether the process is conforming to its standard level.
(ii) To improve the standard level and reduce the variability. Shewhart’s control charts provide an answer to both. It is a simple technique used for detecting patterns of variations in the data. Control charts are simple to construct and easy to interpret.
A typical control charts consists of the following three lines. (i) Centre Line (CL) indicates the desired standard level of the process. (ii) Upper Control Limit (UCL) indicates the upper limit of tolerance. (iii) Lower Control Limit (LCL) indicates the lower limit of tolerance.
If the data points fall within the control limits, then we can say that the process is in control, instead if one or more data points fall outside the control limits, then we can say that the process is out of control. For example, the following diagram shows all the three control lines with the data points plotted, since all the points falls within the control limits, we can say that the process is in control. Y . .
. Quantity characteristic Sample Fig . Center line = . UCL = .
LCL = . Control Charts for Variables These charts may be applied to any quality characteristic that can be measured quantitatively. A quality characteristic which can be expressed in terms of a numerical value is called as a variable.