/ oyl chloride R G R G XII U12-Carbonyl XII U12-Carbonyl - - - - Acetic anhydride Ethanoic anhydride – eth ane / oic anhydride Propionic anhydride Propanoic anhydride – prop ane / oic anhydride Benzoic anhydride C H C H Benzoic anhydride – Benz oic anhydride Esters Methyl acetate Methyl ethanoate Methyl eth ane / oate Ethyl acetate C H Ethyl ethanoate Ethyl eth ane / oate Phenyl acetate C H Phenyl ethanoate Phenyl eth ane / oate Acid Amides Acetamide NH Ethanamide – eth ane / amide XII U12-Carbonyl XII U12-Carbonyl - - - - Propionamide C H NH Propanamide – prop ane / amide Benzamide C H NH Benzamide – benz – amide . . . Acid Halides: Methods of Preparation of acid chloride: Acid chlorides are prepared from carboxylic acid by treating it with anyone of the chlorinating agent such as SOCl , PCl , or PCl ) By reaction with thionyl Chloride (SOCl ) Cl + SOCl + HCl + SO Acetyl chloride Acetic acid This method is superior to others as the by products being gases escape leaving the acid chloride in the pure state.
Physical properties: • They emit pale fumes of hydrogen chloride when exposed to air on account of their reaction with water vapour. • They are insoluble in water but slowly begins to dissolve due to hydrolysis. Chemical properties: They react with weak nucleophiles such as water, alcohols, ammonia and amines to produce the corresponding acid, ester, amide or substituted amides. ) Hydrolysis.
Acyl halides undergo hydrolysis to form corresponding carboxylic acids + HOH + HCl Cl Acetyl chloride Acetic acid XII U12-Carbonyl XII U12-Carbonyl - - - - ) Reaction with Alcohols ( Alcoholysis ) gives esters. OC H + HOC H + HCl Cl Acetyl chloride Ethyl alcohol Ethyl acetate ) Reaction with Ammonia ( Ammonolysis ) gives