Appendix · Part 3

Apostrophe:  in the possessive forms of nouns before the letter ‘s’ when the words do not end in ‘s’ and after the letter s, when the nouns end in ‘s’  in contracted forms, in place of the letter that is left out j) Uses of Quotation Mark or Inverted Commas:  to enclose the words of a speaker verbatim in direct speech  with titles of minor works and parts of whole  around words and phrases to indicate a special sense of use or being misused  purposely or ironically  for the translation of a foreign word or phrase k) Uses of hyphen:  to join words or parts of words  in a compound word, where two words work together to function as one adjective before the noun they describe  in a compound word, when a noun or adjective and a present participle is combined  in a compound word with a noun and past participle  in numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine, when they are written in words  in compound adjectives with fractions (e.g. one-third / quarter- million / half-boiled)  with prefixes ex- , self-, all- (e.g. ex- minister / self-satisfied / all-over)  in compound adjectives using high and low (e.g. high-level, low-tide) l) Uses of Dash: (the dash is longer than hyphen)  to set off a word or phrase after an independent clause or a parenthetical remark (words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence)  to signal an abrupt change in tone and to introduce or emphasize information  to set off a series within a phrase  before attribution to an author or composer in some formats  after datelines  to start lists  to indicate hesitation in speech m) Uses of Parentheses or Round Brackets:  within a sentence to provide supplementary or additional information, not essential to the main point “A Dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than parentheses.” William Strunk Jr.