(Core Course) First Edition January Pausa Reprinted January , December , January , January , November , October , December , December , October , November , December , January , July , November Revised Edition November Kartika Reprinted March Chaitra June Jyeshtha December Agrahayana PD 620T+200T BS © National Council of Educational Research and Training, , ` . Printed on GSM paper with NCERT watermark ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and should be unacceptable.
OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION DIVISION, NCERT NCERT Campus Sri Aurobindo Marg New Delhi Phone : -26562708 , Feet Road Hosdakere Halli Extension Banashankari III Stage Bangaluru Phone : -26725740 Navjivan Trust Building P.O.Navjivan Ahmedabad Phone : -27541446 CWC Campus Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop Panihati Kolkata Phone : -25530454 CWC Complex Maligaon Guwahati Phone : -2674869 Publication Team Head, Publication : M.V. Srinivasan Division Chief Editor : Bijnan Sutar Chief Production : Jahan Lal Officer (In charge) Chief Business : Amitabh Kumar Manager Production Officer : Sunil Sharma Cover, Layout and Illustrations Joel Gill Published at the Publication Division by the Secretary, National Council of Educational Research and Training, Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi and printed at D.P. Printing & Binding, B- , Okhla-I, A- , New Delhi–110020 ISBN - - - 12074 – F lamingo Textbook for Class XII