a stronger Protestant movement failed. Holy Communion (also known as the Eucharist) is a religious ceremony performed in church by Catholics. Catholic Christians partake of Holy Communion in remembrance of the sacrifices made by Jesus. They accept bread and wine which are believed to symbolise (transubstantiation) the body and blood of Jesus Christ.
John Calvin ( – ) Calvin was one of the later leaders of the Protestant movement. As a French Protestant he opposed the activities of the Church. He was excommunicated for fighting the Pope. After his excommunication, he settled In Geneva, Switzerland.
His book titled ' Institutes of the Christian Religion' in Latin contains his core ideas. Calvin was a great organiser and for a while he controlled the Zwingli John Calvin Modern World: The Age of Reason city of Geneva. He strived hard to establish an organised society based on biblical teachings. Calvinism became popular even during his lifetime.
It became widespread in other parts of Europe as Huguenots in France, Puritans in England and Presbyterians in Scotland. The English Reformation The Reformation in England was started not by theologians but by the king. It was Henry VIII who separated the state from the Church. Though he was a devout catholic in the initial years, due to his personal needs (a divorce from his wife Queen Catherine of Aragon for a remarriage to another woman, Ann Boleyn), he favoured the Protestants.
He passed the Act of Supremacy, , and severed England’s connection with Rome. He established the Anglican Church and ordered the confiscation of Church property, including all the lands of abbeys and monasteries. This Protestant movement led to the Puritan movement in various parts of England and her colonies. Effects of the Reformation (a) Divisions in the European nations: The schism in the church led to the division of religious practices in the same country.
North Germany became Lutheran while South Germany remained Catholic. England became Protestant while Scotland and the people of Ireland became devout Catholics. (b) Literacy: The printing press encouraged printing