field required for field ionisation is of the order of V/m. FIGURE . (a) A full-wave rectifier with capacitor filter, (b) Input and output voltage of rectifier in (a). FIGURE .
Zener diode, (a) symbol, (b) I - V characteristics. E XAMPLE . FIGURE . Zener diode as DC voltage regulator (to be corrected).
Zener diode as a voltage regulator We know that when the ac input voltage of a rectifier fluctuates, its rectified output also fluctuates. To get a constant dc voltage from the dc unregulated output of a rectifier, we use a Zener diode. The circuit diagram of a voltage regulator using a Zener diode is shown in Fig. .
. The unregulated dc voltage (filtered output of a rectifier) is connected to the Zener diode through a series resistance R s such that the Zener diode is reverse biased. If the input voltage increases, the current through R s and Zener diode also increases. This increases the voltage drop across R s without any change in the voltage across the Zener diode.
This is because in the breakdown region, Zener voltage remains constant even though the current through the Zener diode changes. Similarly, if the input voltage decreases, the current through R s and Zener diode also decreases. The voltage drop across R s decreases without any change in the voltage across the Zener diode. Thus any increase/ decrease in the input voltage results in, increase/ decrease of the voltage drop across R s without any change in voltage across the Zener diode.
Thus the Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator. We have to select the Zener diode according to the required output voltage and accordingly the series resistance R s . Example . In a Zener regulated power supply a Zener diode with V Z = .
V is used for regulation. The load current is to be . mA and the unregulated input is . V.
What should be the value of series resistor R S ? Solution The value of R S should be such that the current through the Zener