AND BY L ENSES

AND BY L ENSES We have so far considered refraction at a plane interface. We shall now consider refraction at a spherical interface between two transparent media. An infinitesimal part of a spherical surface can be regarded as planar and the same laws of refraction can be applied at every point on the surface. Just as for reflection by a spherical mirror, the normal at the point of incidence is perpendicular to the tangent plane to the spherical surface at that point and, therefore, passes through its centre of curvature. We first consider refraction by a single spherical surface and follow it by thin lenses. A thin lens is a transparent optical medium bounded by two surfaces; at least one of which should be spherical. Applying the formula for image formation by a single spherical surface successively at the two surfaces of a lens, we shall obtain the lens maker’s formula and then the lens formula. . . Refraction at a spherical surface Figure . shows the geometry of formation of image I of an object O on the principal axis of a spherical surface with centre of curvature C, and radius of curvature R . The rays are incident from a medium of refractive index n , to another of refractive index n . As before, we take the aperture (or the lateral size) of the surface to be small compared to other distances involved, so that small angle approximation can be made. In particular, NM will be taken to be nearly equal to the length of the perpendicular from the point N on the principal axis. We have, for small angles, tan  NOM = MN OM tan  NCM = MN MC tan  NIM = MN MI FIGURE . Refraction at a spherical surface separating two media. Now, for  NOC, i is the exterior angle. Therefore, i =  NOM +  NCM i = MN MN OM MC ( . ) Similarly, r =  NCM –  NIM i.e., r = MN MN MC MI ( . ) Now, by Snell’s law n sin i = n sin r or for small angles n i = n r