CONTENTS

CONTENTS FFFF OREWORD OREWORD v PP REFACE vii T CH CH T CHAPTER NINE CHAPTER NINE RR AY O PTICS AN AND O O AL PTICAL I T T NSTRUMENTS . . Introduction . Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors . Refraction . Total Internal Reflection . Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses . Refraction through a Prism . Dispersion by a Prism . . Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight . Optical Instruments A C R CHAPTER TEN W W AV AVE O P I PTICS . Introduction . Huygens Principle . Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle . . Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves . . Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment . . Diffraction . Polarisation A C EV CHAPTER ELEVEN DD UAL N N R ATURE OF R T A O ADIATION AN AND M T ATTER . Introduction . Electron Emission . Photoelectric Effect . . Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect . Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light . Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation . Particle Nature of Light: The Photon . Wave Nature of Matter . Davisson and Germer Experiment A C R E C A R E CHAPTER TWELVE CHAPTER TWELVE AA OM TOMS . Introduction . Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom . Atomic Spectra . Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom . The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom . DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation C A CHAPTER THIRTEEN NNNN EI UCLEI EI UCLEI . Introduction . . Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus . . Size of the Nucleus . Nuclear Force . Radioactivity . Nuclear Energy A R C R CHAPTER FOURTEEN SS I EMICONDUCTOR E E N LECTRONICSS : M ATERIALS ,