Summary

Summary Reproduction is a process which helps in the continuity and maintenance of a species. Human beings are sexually reproducing and viviparous. The reproductive events include gametogenesis, insemination, Fertilization, cleavage, implantation, placentation, gastrulation, organogenesis and parturition. The female reproductive system consists of a pair of ovaries, a pair of oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina and external genitalia.

The male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes, a pair of duct system, accessory glands and external genitalia called penis. The process of formation of gametes in the male is called spermatogenesis and in the female is called oogenesis. The reproductive cycle in females is called menstrual cycle and it is initiated at puberty. The ovum released during the menstrual cycle is fertilized by the sperm and the zygote is formed.

Zygote undergoes repeated mitotic division and the blastocyst is implanted on the walls of the uterus. It takes about days or weeks for the entire development of the human foetus and it is delivered out through the process of child birth or parturition. The new born baby is breast fed by the mother. through the vagina, followed by the foetus.

The placenta along with the remains of the umbilical cord called “after birth” is expelled out after delivery. Lactation is the production of milk by mammary glands. The mammary glands show changes during every menstrual cycle, during pregnancy and lactation. Increased level of oestrogens, progesterone and human Placental Lactogen (hPL) towards the end of pregnancy stimulate the hypothalamus towards prolactin – releasing factors.

The anterior pituitary responds by secreting prolactin which plays a major role in lactogenesis. Oxytocin causes the “ Let-Down” reflex - the actual ejection of milk from the alveoli of the mammary glands. During lactation, oxytocin also stimulates the recently emptied uterus to contract, helping it to return to pre - pregnancy size. Colostrum Colostrum, a nutrient rich fluid produced by the human female immediately after giving birth, is loaded with immune, growth and tissue repair factors.

It acts as a natural antimicrobial agent to actively stimulate the maturation of the infant’s immune system. No artificial feed can substitute the first milk, with all its natural benefits and therefore should be definitely fed to the baby after birth. The mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called colostrum during the initial few days after parturition. It has less lactose than milk and almost no fat, but it contains more proteins, vitamin A and minerals.

CAESAREAN When normal vaginal delivery is not possible due to factors like position of the baby and nature of the placenta, the baby is delivered through a surgical incision in the woman’s abdomen and uterus. It is also termed as abdominal delivery or Caesarean Section or ‘C’ Section. Human Reproduction . Males are said to be sterile when they fail to produce viable sperms.

. Azoospermia refers to the failure of spermatogenesis. . Enlargement of prostate gland is called prostatitis and can lead to difficulty in urination.

. Castration or surgical removal of testis is known as orchidectomy . Spermarche is the first ejaculation of the semen. Summary Health is a state of complete physical and psychological well being.

Many other extended factors like microbes may cause illness to human body. Protozoans like Entamoeba , Plasmodium and Leishmania cause diseases such as amoebic dysentery, malaria and kala-azar repectively. Personal cleanliness and hygiene, proper disposal of waste, safe drinking water and immunization are very useful in preventing diseases. Drug and alcohol abuse of young and adolescent is another cause of concern.

Addiction to drugs and alcohol is happening due to peer pressure, examination–related and competition–related stresses. The addicted person should receive proper counselling, education and professional medical help to liberate themselves from all forms of addiction.