CONTENTS CHEMISTRY E-book Assessment IV Unit No. Topic Page.No. Month Physical and Chemical Equilibrium August Solutions October Chemical Bonding November Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry July Basic concepts of organic reactions August Hydrocarbons October Haloalkanes and Haloarenes November Environmental Chemistry December PRACTICALS Introduction Introduction - - - - Learning Objectives After studying this unit, the students will be able to describe the meaning of equilibrium explain the dynamic nature of equilibrium involved in physical and chemical processes state the law of mass action deduce the expression for equilibrium constants, K C and K P establish the relationship between K P and K C predict the extent of reaction using equilibrium constant state Le-Chatelier’s principle explain the effect of various factors that affect a system at equilibrium. derive Van't Hoff equation.
. Introduction In our daily life, we observe several chemical and physical changes. For example, a banana gets ripened after few days, silver gets tarnished in few months and iron gets rusted slowly. These processes proceed in one direction.
Now let us consider the transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in our body as an illustration for a reversible change. The hemoglobin combines with oxygen in lungs to form oxyhemoglobin. The oxy- hemoglobin has a tendency to form hemoglobin by Claude Louis Berthollet, a Savoyard-French chemist, studied the mechanism of reversible chemical reaction and developed the theory of chemical equilibria. He also contributed to modern chemical nomenclature.
He was the first to demonstrate the bleaching action of chlorine gas, and developed a solution of sodium hypochlorite that acts as a bleaching agent.