Tournaments and Competitions

C ompetitions You may have heard about tournaments that are organised for different sports at different levels. Have you read or heard about world cup tournaments for Cricket, Hockey, Football or Kabaddi? Such tournaments are also held at national and state level and even at local level. You or your friends may have participated in inter-school or other open tournaments for Kabaddi, Kho-Kho, Football, Volleyball, Basketball and Cricket organised at the zone, district or local levels. A tournament is a competition held among different teams in a particular game or sport according to a fixed schedule where a winner is decided. Different types of tournaments are — Knock-out or Elimination Tournament (Single Knock- out or Single Elimination, Consolation Type I and Type II, C Double Knock-out or Double Elimination), League or Round Robin Tournament (Single League, and Double League), Combination Tournament (Knock-out cum Knock-out, Knock-out cum League, League cum Knock-out, League cum League) and Challenge Tournament (Ladder, and Pyramid). While deciding the type of tournament to be conducted, the season, time of disposal, play fields and equipment, type of activity, officials, and finance/budget must be taken into consideration. Different types of tournaments with the ir merits and demerits, and the method of drawing fixtures have been described in this chapter. C ompetitions Participation in international sports competitions like Olympic Games, Asian Games and Commonwealth Games help people to know each other and provide opportunities to the participants to see others. It promotes friendship among people of all the continents. Importance of sports participation in international competitions . Participation in sports develops unity of mind and body by which optimum health is achieved. . It helps in promoting social peace and justice. . It helps in promoting social democracy. . It helps in breaking the barriers between social classes and nations. There are different types of competitions being organised at International, National, State or Zone and University levels. These competitions are being discussed here. Ancient Olympic Games First Ancient Olympic Games were held in B.C. These games were regularly held once in four years. A sequence of Olympics was terminated in A.D. by the Roman Emperor Theodosius. Modern or Summer Olympic Games Baron Pierre de Coubertin was the founder of the Modern Olympic Games. Modern Olympic Games are also held once in four years and were first held in Athens (Greece) in . But during the two world wars, the Olympic Games (i.e., VIth, XIIth and XIIIth Olympiads respectively in the year , and ) were not held. International Olympic Committee is the supreme controlling body of the Modern Olympic Games which was formed in Paris on 25th June with its headquarter in Lausanne (Switzerland). IOC is a permanent and self-elected body, which has at least one member from each country that has National Olympic Committee. From India, Sir Dorabji Jamshedji Tata, G.D. Sondhi and Raja Bhalindera Singh had the honour of being members of IOC. India first participated in the Olympic Games in with Norman Pitchard winning two Silver Medals in m and m hurdles. Indian Men’s Hockey team has won gold medals (six successive gold from – , and ), silver medal ( Rome Olympic games) and bronze medals ( , Mexico and , Munich Olympic games). In Helsinki (Finland) Olympic Games, Khashaba Jadhav won bronze medal in Men’s Freestyle Bantamweight category in Wrestling. In Atlanta (USA) Olympic Games, Leander Paes won bronze medal in Men’s Singles event in tennis. In Sydney (Australia) Olympic Games, Karnam Malleswari won bronze medal in Women’s Weightlifting kg weight category. In Athens (Greece) Olympic Games, Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore won Silver medal in men’s double trap in Shooting. In Beijing (China) Olympics, India won gold medal (Abhinav Bindra in Men’s m Air Rifle Shooting) and bronze (Vijender Singh in Middle weight, kg category in Boxing and Sushil Kumar in Men’s freestyle, kg category in Wrestling). In London (Britain) Olympic Games, India won silver medals (Vijay Kumar in Men’s m rapid fire pistol in Shooting and Sushil Kumar in Men’s freestyle kg weight category in Wrestling) and bronze medals (Gagan Narang in Men’s m Air Rifle Shooting, Saina Nehwal in Women’s Singles in Badminton, Mary Kom in Women’s Flyweight category in Boxing and Yogeshwar Dutt in Men’s Freestyle kg weight category in Wrestling). In Reo de Janeiro (Brazil), India won silver medal (Pusarla Venkata Sindhu in Women’s Singles event in Badminton) and bronze medal (Sakshi Malik in Women’s freestyle kg in Wrestling). In , Olympic Games will be held at Tokyo (Japan), Games at Paris (France) and Games will be held at Los Angeles (USA). Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games started in Chamonix (France) in . Winter sports like Figure Skating, Ice Hockey, Ski Jumping, Speed Skating, Alpine Skiing, Freestyle Skating are included in Winter Olympic Games. In , Winter Olympic Games were held at Pyeongchang (Korea) and Winter Olympic Games will be held at Beijing (China). Paralympic Games Paralympic Games are the international competitions specially organised for para atheletes. In other words, we can say that “These are the special Olympic Games organised for para athletes. Paralympic Games started in Rome (Italy) in . In Paralympic sports, athletes who participate are grouped into different categories, based on their type of disability such as Physical Impairment, Visual Impairment and Intellectual Disability. In Paralympic Games in Reo de Janeiro (Brazil), India won gold medals (Mariyappan Thangavelu in Men’s High Jump and Devendra Jhajharia in Men’s Javelin), silver medal (Deepa Malik in Women’s Shot Put) and bronze medal (Varun Singh Bhati in Men’s High Jump). The International Paralympic Committee (IPC) is the global governing body of the paralympic movement. Its purpose is to organise the summer and winter Paralympic Games and act as the International Federation for ten sports, supervising and coordinating World Championships and other competitions.” Founded on September, as a non-profit organisation, it is based in Bonn, Germany and aims to develop sports opportunities for all the people with impairment from the beginner to elite level. Till , the Summer Paralympic Games included sports and medal events, and the Winter Paralympic Games included sports and disciplines and about events. The number and types of events change from one Paralympic Game to another. Activity . Collect photographs of Summer and Paralympic medal winners of India. Prepare a collage with caption. Share it with your classmates. Commonwealth Games Melville Marks Robinson was the founder of the Commonwealth games. The First Commonwealth games were held in in Hamilton (Canada). Since then, the Commonwealth Games have been conducted every four years except for and due to World War II. From to , the games were known as the British Empire Games. From to , the games were called the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and from to , the games were termed as the British Commonwealth Games. It was from Edmonton (Canada) Games onwards, these are known as the Commonwealth Games. India’s Performance in Commonwealth Games Year Edition Venue Medals Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total XXI Gold Coast (Australia) 3rd XX Glasgow (Scotland) 4th XIX Delhi (India) 3rd XVIII Melbourne (Australia) 4th XVII Manchester (England) 4th XVI Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 7th XV Victoria (Canada) 6th XIV Auckland (New Zealand) 5th XIII Edinburgh (Scotland) Did not participate XII Brisbane (Australia) 6th XI Edmonton (Canada) 6th X Christchurch (New Zealand) 6th IX Edinburgh (Scotland) 6th VIII Kingston (Jamaica) 8th VI Perth (Australia) Did not participate VI Cardiff (Wales) 8th V Vancouver (Canada) - - IV Auckland (New Zealand) Did not participate Not held due to World War II III Sydney (Australia) - - II London (England) 12th I Hamilton (Canada) Did not participate Asian Games The inaugural Asian Games were held in New Delhi, India in . The Asian Games, also known as Asiad are held every four years. Asian Games were held at Palembang, Jakarta (Indonesia). Asian Games will be conducted in Hangzhou (China). India’s Performance in Asian Games Year Edition Venue Medals Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total XVIII Palembang, Jakarta (Indonesia) 8th XVII Incheon (Korea) 8th XVI Guangzhou (China) 6th XV Doha (Qatar) 8th XIV Busan (South Korea) 7th XIII Bangkok (Thailand) 9th XII Hiroshima (Japan) 8th XI Beijing (China) 11th X Seoul (South Korea) 5th IX New Delhi (India) 5th VIII Bangkok (Thailand) 6th VII Tehran (Iran) 7th VI Bangkok (Thailand) 5th V Bangkok (Thailand) 5th IV Jakarta (Indonesia) 3rd III Tokyo (Japan) 7th II Manila (Philippines) 5th I New Delhi (India) 2nd National Games Early National Games termed as Indian Olympic Games started in at Lahore. The games were held every two years. Indian Olympic Games were renamed as National Games from the IX Games in Bombay in . National Games on the lines of the Olympic Games started in in Delhi. Last National Games were held at Thiruvananthapuram (Kerala) in . National Championships National Sports Associations and Federations conduct the National Championships in their game or sport every year. National Federations conduct National Championships in Mini, Sub Junior, Junior, Youth, Senior and Veteran categories in boys/men as well as girls/women section. National Championships in different individual games like Badminton, Table Tennis, etc., are conducted for individual events as well as team events. In games like Wrestling, Judo, etc., National Championships are conducted in different weight categories by the concerned National Associations or Federations. Inter University Tournaments Inter University Tournaments in India started in . Sports Department of Indian Universities allocates the tournaments to different universities for organising inter- university tournaments in different games and sports for participation of University students. The tournaments are organised annually on all India basis/ zone basis and played on Knock-out/League/League cum Knock-out basis. Only member universities/institutes of the association are eligible to enter their teams to participate in the Inter University tournaments, with only one team from each university. SGFI Games School Games Federation of India (SGFI) is a voluntary organisation which was formed in December, to promote games and sports for boys and girls at National and International level. Different States and affiliated units participate in National School Games organised every year. It conducts competitions at National level for various games and sports like Athletics, Badminton, Football, Wrestling, Kabaddi, Table Tennis, etc. Competitions are organised for different age groups i.e. (U- , U- and U- ). Only school boys and girls below years can participate in these games. I. Long Answer Questions . Draw a fixture for Single Knock-out Tournament with teams. . Draw a fixture of teams for Single League Tournament using Tabular Method. . Draw a fixture of Single League Tournament with teams using Cyclic Method. . Write the merits and demerits of Single League Tournament. . Draw a fixture for Single League Tournament with teams using Staircase Method. . List and explain different types of competitions that are being organised at International level. . List and explain different types of competitions that are being organised in India. . Explain in detail about the Olympic and Paralympic Games. II. Short Answer Questions . What is a tournament? . List different types of tournaments. . What is the full form of the SGFI Games? . What were the early National Games called? . Where were the inaugural Asian Games held? . Who was the founder of Commonwealth Games? . Where and when were the Winter Olympic Games started? . Who was the founder of Modern Olympic Games? . When were the first Ancient Olympic Games held? III. Fill in the Blanks . Knock-out tournament is also termed as . . In Single Knock-out tournament, total number of matches with teams will be . . Staircase Method is a type of tournament. . Number of byes in Single Elimination Tournament with teams will be . . No. of byes in a Single Knock-out Tournament for teams with special seeding for teams will be . . Olympic Games were started . . Paralympic Games were started . . Commonwealth games were founded by .