Team Games

F ootball The history of football is over more than years old. Today, football is world’s most favourite sport played in almost every country. Studies reveal about various games similar to the modern football being introduced in different parts of the world by different cultures for different purposes. Oldest version of football game is believed to be played in the villages of Chinese dynasty.

History of the Game Both rugby and football have a common root. There were many who instead of kicking believed in running with the ball in their hands. Kicking the ball included tripping the legs without any legislation or rules to govern. On the contrary, many people stood for football with kicking as it involved greater mastery of ball.

In football, high level of skill precision was required to control and manoeuvre the ball with foot. The rules of play were subsequently smoothed down and smartened to create organised sports at Britain and Scotland. It was at this point that the people spoke out against rough customs as tripping, shin-kicking and so on. As it happened, the majority also expressed disapproval at carrying the ball with hand.

It was in in England that the Rugby football group withdrew and formed a separate branch. This further led to the development modern-day sports of ‘Association Football’, ‘Rugby Football’ and ‘Gaelic Football’ in Ireland. Later the Football Association in England was formed becoming the sports’ first governing body. In , ‘Federation International de Football Association’ (FIFA) was founded in Paris as an international governing body of football.

The game of football in today’s scenario is called ‘Soccer’. Do You Know? •• Football was essentially rugby until . •• Football is the most watched and most played sport on earth.

Activity . Collect information about the various types of free kicks in football. Do You Know? Durand Cup started in the year in Shimla and it is the second oldest tournament in the world.

Presently, this tournament is being organised in New Delhi every year with the help of Indian Defence Services. Modern football Britain is regarded as the home to modern association football. Within Britain and Scotland, the game was popular from eight century and again played with different variations. In medieval times, towns and villages played against the rival towns and villages — and kicking, punching, biting and gouge were allowed.

Hundreds of people took part and the games could last all day. It was same until the game started being promoted in schools in England as an integral part of the school curriculum. The need for uniform standards and rules acceptable to everyone was the need of the hour. This led to the role of Cambridge University in unifying the schools and the clubs to a meeting in for establishing common acceptable rules.

Football Association Challenge Cup was started in , which is regarded as the world’s oldest football championship. In the year , ‘Durand Cup’ was started in Shimla (India) and in modern time Durand cup for football is regarded as second oldest football tournament in the world. Later in , FIFA (Federation International de Football Association) was formed with France, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain and Germany as the founder members. History of Football in India Football in India has been a popular sport introduced in nineteenth century by the British army, from the capital at Calcutta.

Durand Cup started in , founded by the then India’s Foreign Secretary, Mortimer Durand at Shimla. Durand Cup is the third oldest football tournament after Football Association (FA) Cup and Scottish Cup. Clubs like Mohan Bagan, which is the oldest current team, was formed in . Indian Football Association (IFA) Shield is the fourth oldest tournament in the world which was founded in and is still being played.

Durand Cup was shifted to Delhi. Since , every year it is organised under the supervision of Indian Army. Before the birth of the All India Football Federation (AIFF) in , India was lacking a constituted national organisation for football. Since, football gained immense popularity year after year, a need for the proper administration of the game was considered.

The association that governed football in West Bengal, Indian Football Association (IFA), was given the status of the de-facto governing body of football. That time all the foreign tours of Indian football team were organised by IFA. AIFF was affiliated to FIFA (international governing body of football) in and to Asian Football Confederation (AFC) in . AIFF has played a key role in promoting football in India.

To serve the purpose, it has taken the responsibility of Indian national football team. National Football League (I-League), Federation Cup and National Football Championship for Santosh Trophy are some of the prominent football tournaments being organised by the AIFF. Fig. .

: A football ground Laws of football In the game of football, rules are called Laws and there are Laws of football that govern the game. FIFA is the governing body of football around the world. It governs the rules for playing the sport. The referees are being trained for consistent interpretation and quality enforcement of the laws of the game.

There are laws of the game which are the codified rules of help define association football. Law The Field of Play: It mentions about the field surface along with the dimensions for field marking. The field of play should be rectangular in shape and the width should not exceed the length of the field. Table : Dimensions Length (Touch Line) Minimum mt yds Maximum mt yds Width (Goal Line) Minimum mt yds Maximum mt yds Do You Know?

Neil Armstrong wanted to take a football to the moon, but NASA refused it as nothing extra was allowed. Activity . Find out the measurements of the football ground in your school or nearby school in your vicinity. Table : International Matches Length (Touch Line) Minimum mt yds Maximum mt yds Width (Goal Line) Minimum mt yds Maximum mt yds FIFA defines minimum dimensions of 45m × 90m and maximum dimensions of 90m × 120m for a standard football ground.

FIFA has also set measurements for minimum football ground for the official matches or international competitions as 64m × 100m and maximum to 75m × 110m. Law Ball: The football must meet the following criteria as per the FIFA laws— (a) The ball shall be spherical in shape. (b) It should be made of leather or any other suitable material approved by the governing body. (c) Ball circumference shall be to cm which is equal to to inches.

(d) The weight of the ball shall be between to 450g which is equal to to oz at the start of the match. (e) Air pressure should be equal to . – . atmosphere ( – , g/cm ) at sea level.

Law Number of Players: A match is played by two teams. Each team shall consist of not more than players during the match, one of whom shall act as goalkeeper. A match may not start if either team consists of fewer than seven players. Substitutions: Up to a maximum of three substitutes may be used in any match played in an official competition organised under the auspices of FIFA or the member associations.

For all other competitions, the rules of the competition must state how many substitutes may be nominated, it can vary from three up to a maximum of twelve, before the tournament begins. Law Players’ Equipment: The basic compulsory equipment of a player comprises the following items: (a) A jersey or shirt with sleeves: If undergarments are worn, the colour of the undergarments must be of same colour as the sleeve of the jersey or shirt. (b) Shorts : If undershorts or tights are worn, these must be of same colour as the shorts. Fig.

. : Football equipment Ball Shin guards Football boots or Studs (c) Stockings: If tape or similar material is applied externally, it must be of same colour as that part of the stocking to which it is applied. (d) Shin guards (e) Shoes Law Referee: Each match is controlled by a referee, who shall enforce the Laws of the Game. Duties of a Referee: (a) Enforces the Laws of the Game.

(b) Controls the match in cooperation with the assistant referees (Line Judges) and, wherever applicable, with the fourth official (Table Official). (c) Ensures that the ball used meets the requirements of Law number . (d) Ensures that the player’s equipment meet the requirements according to Law number . (e) Acts as timekeeper and keeps a record of the match.

(f) Stops, suspends or abandons the match, for any infringements of the Laws. (g) Stops, suspends or abandons the match because of outside interference of any kind. (h) Stops the match if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensures that player is removed from the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted.

(i) Allows the play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in his opinion, only slightly injured. Law Assistant Referees: The decision of the assistant referee is always subject to the decision of the referee. However, two assistant referees are appointed, whose duties, are to indicate: (a) when the entire ball leaves the field of play. (b) which team is entitled to a corner kick, goal kick or throw-in.

(c) when a player may be penalised for being in an offside position. (d) when a substitution is requested. (e) when misconduct or any other incident occurs out of the view of the referee. (f) when offences have been committed whenever the assistant referees have a better view than the referee (this includes, in certain circumstances, offences committed in the penalty area).

Do You Know? Soccer is the universal name of the Footbal game. It is governed by the rules formed by FIFA. (g) Whether, at penalty kicks, the goalkeeper moves off the goal line before the ball is kicked and if the ball crosses the line.

Law Duration of the Match: The match lasts two equal periods of minutes, unless otherwise mutually agreed between the referee and the two teams. Any agreement to alter the duration of the periods of play (e.g., to reduce each half to minutes because of insufficient light) must be made before the start of play and must comply with competition rules. The half-time interval must not exceed minutes. Law Start and Restart of Play: A kick-off is a way of starting or restarting play— (a) At the start of the match.

(b) After a goal has been scored. (c) At the start of the second half of the match. (d) At the start of each period of extra time, wherever applicable. A goal may be scored directly from the kick-off.

The procedure for the kick-off is by pushing the ball in any direction by one of the team mates but all the team members must be in their own half before the kick-off. The team winning the toss chooses the side to attack while the losing team gets the kick-off. In the second half, the team that won the toss gets the kick-off. Law Ball In and Out of Play: The ball is out of play when: (a) It has wholly crossed the goal line or touch line whether on the ground or in the air.

(b) Play has been stopped by the referee. The ball is in play at all other times. Ball will also be in play when: (c) It rebounds off a goalpost, crossbar or corner flag post and remains in the field of play. (c) It rebounds off either the referee or an assistant referee when they are on the field of play.

Law Method of Scoring: A goal is scored when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line between the goalposts and under the crossbar, provided that no infringement of the Activity . Collect information about the kick off in football. Laws of the game has been committed previously by the team scoring the goal. Law Offside: It is not an offence in itself to be in an offside position.

However, players in offside position cannot make themselves on-side until the course of the ball changes. A player is in an offside position if— (a) The player is nearer to the opponents’ goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent. A player is not in an offside position when: (i) The player is in their own half of the field of play, or (ii) The player is level with the second-last opponent, or (iii) The player is level with the last two opponents. (b) There is no offside offence if a player receives the ball directly from— (i) a goal kick (ii) a throw-in (iii) a corner kick Law Fouls and Misconduct: For not following the Laws of the game, the referee can penalise the team members through a— (a) Direct Free Kick (b) Penalty Kick (c) Indirect Free Kick The referee may caution the player, substitutes or substituted players with a ‘Yellow Card’.

The referee may suspend the team members with a Red Card leading to suspension from the current match along with a second match suspension. (a) A direct free kick: It is awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following seven offences in a manner considered by the referee to be careless, reckless or using excessive force. (i) Kicks or attempts to kick an opponent (ii) Trips or attempts to trip an opponent (iii) Jumps at an opponent (iv) Charges an opponent (v) Strikes or attempts to strike an opponent (vi) Pushes an opponent (vii) Tackles an opponent A direct free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a player commits any of the following three offences. (i) Holds an opponent (ii) Spits at an opponent (iii) Handles the ball deliberately (except for the goalkeeper within the player’s own penalty area) (b) A penalty kick: A penalty kick is awarded if any of the above ten offences is committed by a player inside their own penalty area, irrespective of the position of the ball, provided it is in play.

(c) An Indirect Free Kick: An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper, inside their own penalty area, commits any of the following four offences: (i) Controls the ball with hands for more than six seconds before releasing it. (ii) Touches the ball again with hands after the ball is released from his possession and before it has been touched by another player. (iii) Touches the ball with hands after it has been deliberately kicked to the player by a team-mate. (iv) Touches the ball with hands after receiving it directly from a throw-in taken by a team-mate.

An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if, in the opinion of the referee, a player— (i) Plays in a dangerous manner (ii) Impedes the progress of an opponent (iii) Prevents the goalkeeper from releasing the ball from the player’s hands (iv) Commits any other offence, not previously mentioned in Law , for which the play is stopped to caution or send off a player. The indirect free kick is taken from the place where the offence occurred. Cautionable offences (Yellow Card): A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following seven offences: (i) Unsporting behaviour (ii) Dissent by word or action (iii) Persistent infringement of the Laws of the game (iv) Delaying the restart of play (v) Failure to respect the required distance i.e., yards away from the ball, when play is restarted with a corner kick, free kick or throw-in (vi) Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee’s permission (vii) Deliberately leaving the field of play without the permission of referee. A substitute or substituted player is cautioned with a Yellow Card if commits any of the following three offences: (i) Unsporting behaviour (ii) Dissent by word or action (iii) Delaying the restart of play Sending-off offences (Red card): A player, substitute or substituted player is sent off by showing a ‘Red Card’ if they commit any of the following seven offences: (i) Serious foul play (ii) Violent conduct (iii) Spitting at an opponent or any other person (iv) Denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal scoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball (this does not apply to a goalkeeper within their own penalty area) (v) Denying an obvious goal scoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player’s goal by an offence punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick (vi) Using offensive, insulting or abusive language and gestures (vii) Receiving a second caution (yellow card) in the same match A player, substitute or substituted player who has been sent off, must leave the vicinity of the field of play and the technical area.

Law Free Kicks: Free kicks are of two types. (a) Direct free kick (b) Indirect free kick Direct free kick: If a direct free kick is taken and it enters the goal: (a) If a direct free kick is kicked directly into the opponents’ goal, a goal is awarded ( b) If a direct free kick is kicked directly into the team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team. A score cannot be made through an indirect free kick if taken straight way into the goal without touching any other player. Law Penalty Kick: A penalty kick is given against a team that commits one of the ten offences inside its own penalty area while the ball is in play.

A goal may be scored directly from a penalty kick. During the penalty kick, all the players other than the kicker are located— (a) inside the field of play. (b) outside the penalty area. (c) behind the penalty mark.

(d) at least . m ( yds) away from the penalty mark. Fig. .

: Penalty kick Law Throw-in: It is a method of restarting play. A throw-in is awarded to the opponents of the player who last touched the Fig. . : Free kick Do You Know?

A direct free kick, if kicked directly into the team’s own goal, a corner kick is awarded to the opposing team. ball when the whole of the ball crosses the touch line, either on the ground or in the air. A goal cannot be scored directly from a throw-in. Law Goal Kick: A goal kick is a method of restarting play.

A goal kick is awarded when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, either on the ground or in the air, having last touched a player of the attacking team. A goal may be scored directly from a goal kick, but only against the opposing team. If the goal kick is kicked into the team’s own goal, a corner is awarded to the opposing team. Law Corner Kick: It is a method of restarting play.

A corner kick is given when the whole of the ball passes over the goal line, either on the ground or in the air, having last touched a player of the defending team. A goal may be scored against the opposing team directly from a corner kick. Measurements of playgrounds and specifications of equipment: All lines in the playground must be of the same width and must not be more than cm ( inch). Goal area: Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, .

m ( yds) from inside of each goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of . m ( yds). These extended lines are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line.

The area bounded by these lines and the goal line is the goal area. A goal kick is taken from the goal area only. Penalty area •• Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, . m ( yds) from inside of each goalpost.

These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of . m ( yds). These extended lines are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by these lines and the goal line is called the penalty area.

•• Within each penalty area, a mark is made at a distance of m ( yds) from the midpoint between the goalposts or equidistant to them. This is called penalty mark. •• An arc with a radius of . m ( yds) from the centre of each penalty mark is drawn outside the penalty area known as penalty arc.

Flag posts: A flag post, not less than . m ( ft) high, with a non-pointed top and a flag must be placed at each corner. Flag posts may also be placed at each end of the halfway line, not less than m ( yd) outside the touch line. Fig.

. : Flag post Goals: A goal must be placed on the centre of each goal line. A goal consists of two upright posts equidistant from the corner flag posts and joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The goalposts and crossbar must be made of wood, metal or other approved material.

They must be square, rectangular, round or elliptical in shape and must not be dangerous to players. The distance between the posts is . m ( yds) and the distance from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is . m ( ft).

Both goalposts and the crossbar have the same width and depth, which do not exceed cm ( inches). The goal lines must be of the same width as the goalposts and the crossbar. Nets may be attached to the goals and the ground behind the goal. These are properly supported and do not interfere with the goalkeeper.

No part of the goalpost shall be projected towards or inside the playing area. The goalposts and crossbars must be white in colour. Fig. .

: Goalpost Famous Indian Football Players P.K. Banerjee, Chuni Goswami, Sunil Chhetri, I.M. Vijayan, Baichung Bhutia, V.P. Sathyan, Sandesh Jhingan, Sasmita Mallick, Aditi Chauhan, etc.

F ootball I. Long Answer Questions . Explain the world history of Football. .

Draw a labelled football ground. . Explain any five laws of football. .

What are the players’ equipment in football? . List the types of kicks in football and explain any two. Health and Physical Edcation - XI II.

Short Answer Questions . When was the first Football Association formed? . Tsu-Chu was played in which country?

. What is FIFA? . When was AIFF formed?

. What are the dimensions of a football field for international competitions? . List the criteria as per FIFA for the football to be used.

. What is the difference between free kick, indirect free kick and penalty kick? III. Fill in the Blanks .

The game of football is also known as in the world. . The first known/oldest football tournament is . .