Team Games

H ockey History Historical records indicate that the crude form of hockey was played in Egypt around , years ago. Evidence also shows that a form of this game was played by Romans and Greeks. The modern game of hockey evolved in England in the mid-eighteenth century, primarily around the schools. The first Olympic Hockey Competition for men was held in London in .

Ireland and Scotland competed separately. After having made its first appearance in games, hockey was subsequently dropped from the Stockholm Olympic Games. It reappeared in at Antwerp (Belgium) before being omitted again in Paris in . The Paris organisers refused to include hockey in the Olympics, stating that the sport had no International Federation.

Hockey had made its first step towards an International Federation in when the Hockey Association in England and the Belgium Hockey Association agreed to recognise each other to regulate international hockey relations. The French Association followed soon after, but this was not considered sufficient to recognise this game at the international level. Federation International de Hockey (FIH) The International Hockey Federation, the world governing body was founded in Paris in , initiated by Paul Leautey, a Frenchman. Paul Leautey became the first President of the FIH.

In many ways, the FIH serves as the ‘guardian’ of the sport. It works in co-operation with both the national and Activity . •• What is the air pressure of a handball? •• What is the size and weight of a handball?

•• Who invented Handball? •• Which two countries played the first handball match in Olympic Games? continental organisations to ensure consistency and unity in hockey around the world. The Federation International Hockey (FIH) not only regulates the sport, but is also responsible for its development and promotion so as to guarantee a secure future for hockey.

FIH comprises a network of five continental federations (CHFS), National associations (NHAS), an executive board and expert advisory committees, with a Head Office in Brussels. The FIH retains overall responsibility for hockey worldwide, including the rules of hockey, umpiring and coaching. Measurement of Playground and Specifications of Equipment Field and field equipment The field of play is rectangular, . metres long, bounded by sidelines and metres wide, bounded by backlines.

. Markings (a) The lines are mm wide and must be clearly marked along their entire length. (b) All the marks must be made in white. .

Lines and other marks (a) Side-lines: . metres long perimeter lines (b) Back-lines: . metres long perimeter lines (c) Goal-lines: the parts of the back-lines between the goal-posts (d) Centre-line: across the middle of the field (e) . metre lines across the field .

metres from each backline as measured between the furthest edges of each line. (f) mm long lines marked outside the field on each sideline with the further edge of the lines . metres from and parallel to the outer edge of the backlines. (g) mm long lines marked outside the field on each backline on both sides of the goal at metres.

(h) metres from the outer edge of the nearer goalpost, as measured between the furthest edges of each line. Fig. . : Hockey playground .

Goals (a) Two vertical goalposts joined by a horizontal cross- bar are placed at the centre of each backline on the external marks. (b) The goalposts and crossbar are white, rectangular in cross section, mm wide and between mm to mm deep. (c) The goal posts must not extend vertically beyond the crossbar and the crossbar must not extend horizontally beyond the goalposts. (d) The distance between the inner edges of the goalposts is .

metres and the distance from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is . metres. (e) The space outside the field, behind the goalposts should be enclosed by the net, side-boards and backboard is a minimum of . metres deep at the crossbar and a minimum of .

metres deep at ground-level. . Sideboards and backboards (a) Sideboards are mm high and a minimum of . metres long.

(b) Backboards are mm high and . metres long. (c) Sideboards are positioned on the ground at right angles to the back line and are fixed to the back of the goalposts without increasing their width. (d) Backboards are positioned on the ground at right angles to the side boards and parallel to the backline, and are fixed to the end of the sideboards.

(e) Sideboards and backboards are of dark colour on the inside. Fig. . : Specifications of net .

Nets (a) The maximum mesh size is mm. (b) Attachment to the back of the goalposts and crossbar is at intervals of not more than mm. (c) The nets are hanged outside the sideboards and backboard. (d) The nets are secured so as to prevent the ball from passing between the net and the goalposts, cross bar, sideboards and back-boards.

(e) The nets are fitted loosely to prevent the ball from rebounding. . Flagposts (a) Flagposts are between . and .

metres in height. (b) Flagposts are placed at each corner of the field. (c) Flagposts must not be dangerous. (d) If unbreakable, flagposts must be attached to a spring base.

(e) Flagposts carry flags, not exceeding mm in width or length. . Stick (a) The head must be a ‘J’ or ‘U’ shape. (b) The head must be flat on the left hand side only.

(c) Any curvature along the length of the stick (the bow or rake) must have a continuous smooth profile along the whole length, and must occur along the playing side or the back of the stick but not both and is limited to a depth of mm. . Ball (a) is spherical. (b) has a circumference between mm and mm.

(c) weighs between grams and grams. (d) is made of any material and coloured white (or an agreed colour which contrasts with the playing surface). (e) is hard with a smooth surface but indentations are permitted. Fig.

. : Goalkeepers equipment Goalkeeper’s equipment . Hand protectors (a) each has a maximum width of mm and length of mm when laid flat, with palm upwards (b) must not have any addition to retain the stick when the stick is not held in the hand. .

Leg guards (a) each has a maximum width of mm when worn on the leg of the goalkeeper. (b) The dimensions of the goalkeeper’s hand protectors and leg guards are measured using gauges with the relevant internal dimensions. Do You Know? In Hockey, rolling substitution is allowed and any number of times a player can be substituted.

Functional rules of Hockey The rules of the hockey game are developed and modified time to time only by International Hockey Federation to add glamour and excitement in the match. These rules can be understood as given below. Teams Each team consists of players, out of which players play on the field at a time, which includes ten regular players and one goal keeper. Five substitution players remain on the sideline.

In rare circumstances, a team will choose to pull its goal keeper off the field in exchange for an extra field player. The players on the sideline can be used as substitutes for any of the players on the field at any given time. Coin Toss Before the start of the match, the umpire tosses a coin. The home team gets to choose whether it wants heads or tails.

The team that wins the toss gets its choice of either possession of the ball at the start or the side of the field to defend. Positions Positions in field hockey are not absolute. Generally, teams arrange players for defence, midfield, and attack. Many teams include a single player as the last defender called sweeper.

Sweeper acts as a last line of defense in front of the goal keeper. The minimum number of players needed for a game is nine, including the goal keeper. Goal Keeper Goal keeper is the last defender of a team and shall have distinguished jersey colour than that of teammates. A full protected goal keeper cannot leave the side’s defensive yards (23m) line during play, unless the goal keeper is defending a penalty stroke.

The player who is substituted as a goalkeeper must wear a helmet, a thigh pad and sometimes a shoe protector. If the team wants an additional player in the place of a goal keeper, then the goalkeeper designated player must wear different coloured jersey and cannot use their feet or hands outside the meter mark. Handling Hockey Stick The head part of a hockey stick is hooked. The right-hand side of the stick is rounded, while the left-hand side is flat.

The ball can be played only with the flat, left-handed side of the stick, or with its edge. The ball cannot be played with the rounded side of stick. This is natural for right-handed players and unnatural for left-handed players. Left-handed sticks are not allowed to be used in games.

Hitting the Ball To make a legal hit to the right without using the rounding side of the stick, a player must turn the stick over the ball and use the flat side. Taking a hit by reversing the stick head, turning the handle approximately degrees over the ball and striking the ball with a left-to-right swing with the flat side of the stick is called reverse hit. Dribbling Keeping the ball under close control is called dribbling. Dribbling is used while running with possession of the ball.

It helps a player to move away from the opposing players for a chance to pass or to hit on goal. Other essential skills for playing field hockey are the ability to control, pass, push, stop, and shoot the ball with the stick. Foot Foul Field Hockey players are not allowed to use their feet, or any other body part, to control the ball. If the ball hits a player’s foot, the umpire will either award the other team a free hit or let the game continue if the other team gains an advantage.

Only the goalkeeper is allowed to use hands, feet, and body to stop or strike the ball. Air Ball The ball is allowed to be lifted in the air as long as the referee does not consider the play to be ‘dangerous.’ The umpire will make a call if the ball could potentially hit or injure another player. The general rule is that the ball should not be lifted above the knee within five meters of another player. An exception to this rule is when the ball is raised by using a scooping or long-pushing action of the stick, or when there are no players in the same proximity as the ball.

The ball cannot be hit into the air unless it is a direct shot on goal. Scoring There are three different ways to score a goal in field hockey. . Field goal: A goal can only be scored if the shot is taken within the ‘shooting circle’, a semi-circular area in front of the opponent’s goal.

The shooting circle is also known as the ‘D’ for the defensive team. The ball must be touched by a player of either team inside the circle for it to count as a goal. Activity . Collect information about the world governing body for hockey.

. Penalty Corner: A penalty corner is awarded when the defensive team breaks certain rules inside the ‘D’, or when a defender commits an intentional offense outside the circle but within the yards ( metres) area. Teams generally have a set play for short corner. A short corner is the best opportunity to score a goal in field hockey, because the offensive team attacks with more number of players than the defensive team.

The following procedure should be applied to execute a penalty corner during the match. •• Play is stopped for a penalty corner to allow time for both teams to set up its respective attack and defense positions. •• Defensive team is allowed to put five defenders including the goal keeper on the end line. •• The rest of the defensive team must stay behind the center line until the ball is pushed out by the offensive player.

•• One of the attackers will stand on the end line yards ( meters) away from the goal called ‘pusher’, and who pushes the ball out to the attackers on top of the shoot­ ing circle. •• The ball is stopped by one of the waiting attacking team players called ‘stopper’, standing on the yards circle. The stopper will stop the ball for the team mate to either hit or to drag the ball into goal. •• In order to count a goal during a penalty corner, the ball must travel outside the shooting circle before hitting the ball into the goal.

The receiver will then push the ball back into the circle for a shot to be taken. The shot has to be taken from inside the marked circle for the goal to count. •• Fouls during penalty corner •• If the first shot into the goal during penalty corner is a hard hit and the ball is lifted in the air above the backboard, the goal will not be counted. •• To avoid the foul during penalty corner, the attacker must take push or scoop or flick shots in the goal.

Even if the ball is lifted in the air due to push or scoop or flick shots, a goal is scored. On the international level, the ‘drag flick’ is the most popular type of lifted shot during the penalty corner. . Penalty Stroke: A penalty stroke is a single shot taken on goal by an offensive player chosen by the team.

The goalkeeper is the only opposing player that can defend this shot. A stroke may be awarded for a number of reasons. The most common reason for a stroke to be taken is when a defender commits a foul that directly prevents a goal from being scored. The shot is taken from a spot referred to as the penalty stroke mark.

It is located yards ( . meters) directly in front and center of the goal. Game play is stopped during the penalty stroke and all players must stand away and outside of yards ( metres) line. The player taking penalty stroke must push, flick or scoop the ball towards the goal and is permitted to raise the ball to any height.

Fouls during penalty Stroke: When the stick makes contact with the ball, it should make no distinct hitting noise; otherwise the umpire can disallow the penalty stroke. Free Hits Free hits are awarded throughout the main part of the field for general offences by either team. The most common fouls that lead to free hits are: •• Obstructing an opponent from playing the ball. •• Interfering with the stick or body when tackling.

•• Kicking the ball with leg. •• Playing the ball dangerously (including lifting the ball). Procedure to take a free hit •• In a free hit, the ball possession is given to the opponent team where the offence took place. •• The ball is placed on the ground and a player will restart the action by passing it to a teammate, hitting the ball forward or backward, or through a self-pass (either by dribbling the ball or hitting it into space).

All the opposing players must stand at least yards from this player until the ball is put into play. •• If the ball is within the yards area of a goal, the ball cannot be directly hit into the circle. The ball must travel yards by dribbling or passing before it can be hit into the circle and shot at the goal. Obstruction In most general terms, obstruction is called when the ball is shielded from an opposing player who is trying to get the ball.

Players often use their own bodies or sticks to block the ball, but third party obstruction can also be called. Third party obstruction is called when an attacking player runs to block an opponent’s path (who is trying to get the ball) between a teammate who has possession of the ball. Match Time An international match time is minutes with four -minutequarter (first quarter 15m and 2m for rest, second quarter 15m and 10m for rest third quarter 15m and 2m for rest and fourth quarter 15m) for rest. The additional time out for Activity .

Collect the names of players who have received Arjuna Award in the last two years. Do You Know? The National Championship in Hockey is known as Rangaswamy Cup. Do You Know?

The Indian Men’s Hockey team remained unbeaten in the Olympics, winning six gold medals in a row. The Indian team has won a total of eight gold medals till date. penalty corners and after goals ensure that the new minutes format is primarily the actual playing time and eliminates the dead time associated with penalty corner set up while allowing the teams to enjoy their goal celebration. Penalty Shootout The team that scores the most goals within the match time is the winner.

According to the International Hockey Federation, if no goals are scored during regulation time, the game will end in a tie or draw. In the Knock Out Tournament, the winner is decided on the basis of penalty shootout. The New Match Time Format •• Match duration: minutes equally divided in four quarters •• seconds time out: After penalty corner awarded and after a goal scored •• Two minutes break after the first and the third quarters and minutes break for half time. The penalty shootout will be taken under the following conditions— .

The defending goalkeeper will stand behind his own goal line, between the goal post. . The ball is placed on the nearest m line in a position opposite the center of the goal. .

The umpire blows his whistle to signal the start of the shootout. The attacker and the goalkeeper may then move in any direction. . An attacker will start from behind the m line near the ball.

. The shootout is completed when any one of the following occur— (a) seconds has elapsed (b) The attacker scores a goal (c) The attacker commits an offence (d) The goalkeeper commits an offence a goal shall be awarded (e) The ball goes out-of-play over the back line, this include the goalkeeper who may intentionally play the ball over the back line to end the shootout. Umpires There are two umpires (or ‘referees’) in each game. Each umpire controls half of the field, although general play in the midfield can be called by either umpire.

An umpire can give a card to any player who has committed a repeated offence. There are three types of cards: Green card: Temporarily suspends the player for a minimum of two minutes of playing time. Yellow card: Temporarily suspends the player for a minimum of five minutes of playing time. Red card: Permanently suspends the player from the match.

If a player is suspended temporarily or permanently, then the team plays with the remaining players. Umpire Calls The whistle is the umpire’s tool to enforce the rules of the game. The umpire blows the whistle to: •• start the first and second half of the game •• start a bully •• call a foul •• start and end a penalty stroke •• indicate a goal •• restart a match after it has been stopped •• stop a match to substitute players into the game •• stop the match for an injury The umpire uses the whistle to keep the game moving smoothly. The umpire will also use hand signals to indicate the specifics of the call.

Outstanding Hockey Players: Some of the outstanding hockey players in India are Prithpal, Ajit Pal Singh, M.P. Ganesh, Roopa Saini, Vasudeven Bhaskaran, Zafar Iqbal, Pargat Singh, Jagbir Singh, Dhanraj Pillai, Rajendra Singh, Dilip Trikey, Mamta Kharab, Deepak Thakur, Sandeep Singh, Ritu Rani, Sardar Singh, etc. H ockey I. Long Answer Questions .

Who founded the International Hockey Federation and in which year? . In which year was hockey introduced in the Olympic Games. .

Draw a labelled diagram of hockey field playground. . Explain in detail the new match time format in field hockey. .

Explain the new format of shootout in field hockey. Health and Physical Edcation - XI II. Short Answer Questions . What is the full form of FIH?

. What is the weight of a field hockey ball? . What should be the shape of the head of a hockey stick?

. How many umpires are there in field hockey? . How many types of cards can be issued by the umpire in field hockey?

What is the effect of yellow card on a player? III. Fill in the Blanks . The height of the goal post in field hockey is .