the spirits ( bhuta ) Halivakara A plough tax paid by every cultivator owning a plough Sulka A royal share of merchandise brought into a town or harbour by merchants. Hence it can be equated with the customs and tolls. Klipta and Upakilpta related to sale and purchase of lands. Other Land Grants Agrahara grants Given to Brahmins, it was perpetual, hereditary and tax free.
Devagrahara grants A land grant in favour of a Brahmin as well as gifts to merchants for the repair and worship of temples. Secular grants Grants made to feudatories of Guptas. Different Land Tenures Types of Tenures Nature of Holding Nivi dharma Endowment of land under a kind of trusteeship was prevalent in North and Central India and Bengal. Nivi dharma aksayana A perpetual endowment.
The recipient could make use of income derived from it. Aprada dharma Income from land could be enjoyed, but the recipient is not permitted to gift it to anyone. The recipient has no administrative rights either. Bhumi chchi- dranyaya Right of ownership acquired by a person making barren land cultivable for the first time.
This land was free from any rent liability. XI History - Lesson - - The Guptas the Mehrauli Iron Pillar of Chandragupta II in the Qutb Minar Complex in Delhi, identified with Chandragupta II. This monolith iron pillar has lasted through the centuries without rusting. It is a monument to the great craftsmanship of the iron workers during the Gupta period.
Coin casting, metal engraving, pottery making, terracotta work and wood carving were other specialised crafts. A significant development of the period in metal technology was the making of the seals and statutes of Buddha and other gods. It was laid down that the people had to pay for the wastage in the process of smelting of iron, gold, silver, copper, tin and lead. Trade and Commerce The contribution of traders to the soundness of the Gupta economy is quite impressive.
Two distinctive types of traders called sresti and sarthavaha existed. Sresti was usually settled at a particular place and enjoyed an eminent