Study of specific heat capacities Albert Einstein Study of atoms Bohr atom model ( ) Behavior of electron, proton – Schrodinger equation Uncertainty principle Formulation of Quantum Mechanics Formulation of quantum field theory Particle physics, standard model X-ray diffraction(1930s)- Paved way to understanding the materials Raman effect Study of stars and black holes Invention of transistor( ) Classification of stars using temperature (Astro thermodynamics), Saha ionization formula Field of Cosmology (1920s) Expanding universe model( ) Discovery of redshift Niels Bohr Schrodinger Heisenberg Paul Dirac Dirac, Feynman, Schwinger Gellman, Weinberg, Abdus salam C.V. Raman(India) Chandrasekhar(Indian origin) John Bardeen, Walter Brattain,William Schokley Megnad Saha(India) Eddington, Schwarchild Thomas Friedmann Edwin Hubble Appendix- - Appendix- - - - - - Appendix Table A1. Systematic developments in physics over centuries (C ont ) Birth of materials science Nanotechnology, Condensed matter physics Gravitational waves, Dark energy, Dark matter, String theory APPENDIX A1. vi) Error involving the division of two quantities (using the method of differentiation) Consider A n Taking logarithms of both the sides, log log log log log log Ζ Ζ − − n n Differentiating both sides, we get, d n dA m dB In terms of fractional error, this may be written as, n A m B Maximum possible relative error in Ζ is given by n A m B vii) Error involving the product of three quantities (using calculus method) let u x y n p Taking logarithms on both sides, we get log log log log n p log log log log n p Differentiating both sides, we get du m dx n dy p dz z In terms of fractional error, the equation maybe rewritten as, m x n y p z z APPENDIX A2.
Parallelogram Law of Vector addition: If two non-zero vectors A and B are represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then the resultant is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram passing through the point of intersection of the two vectors. Consider the figure . below. Here the two vectors A and B are connected by a common tail at