Life cycle of Plasmodium

Life cycle of Plasmodium Plasmodium vivax is a digenic parasite, involving two hosts, man as the secondary host XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- Human Health and Diseases The classic symptoms first develop with the synchronized release of merozoites, haemozoin toxin and erythrocyte debris into the blood stream resulting in malarial paroxysms – shivering chills, high fever followed by sweating. Fever and chills are caused partly by malarial toxins that induce macrophages to release tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin. the mosquito. The cycle is now completed and when the mosquito bites another human host, the sporozoites are injected and the cycle begins a new. The pathological changes caused by malaria, affects not only the erythrocytes but also the spleen and other visceral organs. Incubation period of malaria is about days. The early symptoms of malaria are headache, nausea and muscular pain. Sl. No Types of Malaria Causative agent Duration of Erythrocytic cycle Tertian, benign tertian or vivax malaria P. vivax hours Quartan malaria P. malariae hours Mild tertian malaria P. ovale hours Malignant tertian or quotidian malaria P. falciparum – hours Table . Types of malaria ,QPRVTXLWRJXW ,QKXPDQ 6SRUR]RLWHV 6SRUR]RLWHV 6DOLYDU\ JODQGV /LYHU 2RF\VW 0HUR]RLWHV 6FKL]RQW IRUPV ' $UHSOLFDWLRQIROORZHG E\VSRURJRQ\ 0HUR]RLWHV UXSWXUHIURP %& %&V 2RNLQHWH 0LGWURSKR]RLWH SKDVHEHJLQV ' $UHSOLFDWLRQDQG0HLRVLV 1XFOHXV =\JRWH +HPR]RLQ (DUO\WURSKR]RLWH IRUPV 6LJQHWULQJ IRUPV 0DFURJDPHWH 0LFURJDPHWH *DPHWRF\WHV3ODVPRGLXP ([IODJHOODWLRQ 0LFURJDPHWRF\WH 0DFURJDPHWRF\WH Fig. . Life cycle of Plasmodium XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- Human Health and Diseases infection caused by fungi belonging to the genera Trichophyton , Microsporum and Epidermophyton . Ringworm is one of the most common fungal disease in humans (Fig. . ) . Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on the skin, nails and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease. Heat and moisture help these fungi to grow and makes them to thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes. Ringworms of the feet is known as Athlete’s foot caused by Tinea pedis (Fig. . ) . Ringworms are generally acquired from soil or by using clothes, towels and comb used by infected persons. Fig. . Symptoms of ringworm Fig. . Symptoms of Athlete’s foot