public hygiene Hygiene is a set of practices performed to conserve good health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hygiene refers to “conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases." Personal hygiene refers to maintaining one’s body clean by bathing, washing hands, trimming fingernails, wearing clean clothes and also includes attention to keeping surfaces in the home and workplace, including toilets, bathroom facilities, clean and pathogen-free. Our public places teem with infection, contamination and germs. It seems that every surface we touch and the air we breathe are with pollutants and microbes.
It’s not just the public places that are unclean, but we might be amazed at the number of people who do not wash their hands before taking food, after visiting the restroom, or who sneeze without covering their faces. Many infectious diseases such as typhoid, amoebiasis and ascariasis are transmitted through contaminated food and water. Advancement in science and technology provide effective controlling measures for many infectious and non-infectious diseases. The use of vaccines and adopted immunization programmes have helped to eradicate small pox in India.
Moreover a large number of infectious diseases like polio, diphtheria, pneumonia and tetanus have been controlled by the use of vaccines and by creating awareness among the people. Triradiate mouth with lips Excretory pore Lateral line Penial setae Ventrally curved tail Cloacal aperture Anus Fig. . Ascaris male and female worm Fig.
. Wuchereria bancrofti Fig. . Chronic inflammation of the lower limbs XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- XII Std Biology-Zoology Chapter- Human Health and Diseases Almost all the macromolecules e.g.
proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, etc., as long as they are foreign to recipient organism can induce immune response. Any substance capable of eliciting immune response is called an ANTIGEN ( ANTI body GEN erator). There are two broad classes of immunity responses namely, innate immunity and acquired immunity (Fig. .