been able to identify general principles of management. For example, scientific management principles by F.W. Taylor Functional Management principles by Henri Fayol which you will study in the next chapter. (iii) Since the principles of mana- gement are not as exact as the principles of science, their application and use is not universal.
They have to be modified according to a given situation. However, they provide managers with certain standardised techniques that can be used in different situations. These principles are also used for training and development of managers. You must have understood from the foregoing discussion that manage- ment has features of both art and science.
The practice of management is an art. However, managers can work better if their practice is based on the principles of management. These principles constitute the science of management. Management as an art and a science are therefore not mutually exclusive, but complement each other.