the people for the proper management of the roads. John Loudon McAdam invented an effective and economical method of constructing roads. Macadamisation means to pave the road by laying and compacting successive layers of broken stone, often with hot tar. In the first electric telegraph came into existence.
Sixteen years later first undersea cable was laid between England and France. In a few years the telegraph system spread throughout the world. The modern factory with its giant chimneys began to dominate the landscape of the area around Manchester in Lancashire and Glasgow in Scotland. In , England had two cities with more than , inhabitants, London and Edinburgh.
By the number of cities of this size had increased to . Industrial Manchester Second Stage of Industrial Revolution : Germany and the USA The significant discoveries of the Second Industrial Revolution emanated more from the laboratory of the physicist or chemist than from the brain of the individual inventor. The other essential features of the Second Industrial Revolution were the introduction of automatic machinery, and the enormous increase in mass production and a division of the labour into minute segments of the manufacturing process. Throughout the eighteenth century there was steady industrial development and great commercial activity in Western Europe.
This was exemplified by the development of banking, and improvement in internal John McAdam The Age of Revolutions means of communication such as roads and canals. In France and Prussia there were factories under state patronage. Glass works at Le Creusot, and the linen manufacture of Silesia were important. On the continent of Europe, the Napoleonic Wars checked the progress of commerce and industry.
But with the coming of peace, English machines were freely introduced in France and Germany. During the thirty years that followed the fall of Napoleon, steam came rapidly into use throughout Western Europe. By , in cities of France such as Paris, Lyons, Marseilles, Bordeaux and Toulouse there were great factories. The English scientist Michael Faraday had invented the idea of electricity and a