Cysne stone

Cys ne stone Fig . Types of kidney stones Unit Diet in kidney diseases Final - - DIET IN KIDNEY DISEASES alkaline urine and are bound together by a matrix. Magnesium: Low urinary magnesium excretion and high urinary calcium excretion predispose individuals with hyperparathyroidism with stone formation. Struvite stones: Struvite stones can occur mostly in women with urinary tract infections in which bacteria make ammonia that builds up in the urine. Struvite stones are made up of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. Cystine: Cystinuria is an inherited condition with defective reabsorption by the renal tubule of the aminoacid cystine, lysine, arginine and carnitine. Some of these patients excrete a large amount of cystine in the urine. Sometimes stones block the flow of urine. This is called a urinary obstruction. Urinary obstructions can lead to kidney infection and kidney damage. . . . Symptoms of kidney stones • Sudden severe onset of pain in the lower back, abdomen and sides. • Blood in the urine • Fever and chills in case of infection • Pain while urinating • Vomiting • Nausea • discolored or foul smelling urine • frequent need to urinate • urinating small amounts of urine Diagnosis of kidney stones requires a complete health history assessment and a physical examination. Other tests include: • blood tests for calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and electrolytes. • blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine to assess kidney functioning. • urine analysis to check for crystals, bacteria, blood, and white cells. • examination of passed stones to determine their type. Kidney stones are diagnosed by excluding other possible causes of abdominal pain and associated symptoms. Imaging tests including an X-ray called a KUB view (kidney, ureter, bladder), or a helical CT scan are often used to confirm the diagnosis of kidney stones. Although the amount of radiation exposure associated with these tests are minimal, pregnant women and others may need to avoid even these low levels of radiation. In these cases, an ultrasound may be used to diagnose the kidney stone. . . . Treatment Treatment during the acute stage included the relief of pain