13.9.3  Medical waste

. . Medical waste Any kind of waste that contains infectious material generated by hospitals, laboratories, medical research centers, Pharmaceutical companies and Veterinary clinics are called medical wastes. Medical wastes contain body fluids like blood, urine, body parts and other contaminants, culture dishes, glasswares, bandages, gloves, discarded needles, scalpels, swabs and tissues. XII Std Zoology Chapter XII Std Zoology Chapter Environmental Issues are also considered e-waste. Unauthorised processing of e-waste in developing countries can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution. Recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to the health of workers and communities in developed countries and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations and leaking of materials such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes.