Human Genome Project The main goals of Human Genome Project are as follows iii) The operators are present between the promoters and structural genes. The repressor protein binds to the operator region of the operon. The Lac (Lactose) operon : The metabolism of lactose in E.coli requires three enzymes – permease, β-galactosidase (β-gal) and transacetylase. The enzyme permease is needed for entry of lactose into the cell, β-galactosidase brings about hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose, while transacetylase transfers acetyl group from acetyl Co A to β-galactosidase.
The lac operon consists of one regulator gene (‘i’ gene refers to inhibitor) promoter sites (p), and operator site (o). Besides these, it has three structural genes namely lac z,y and lac a. The lac ‘ z ’ gene codes for β-galactosidase, lac ‘ y ’ gene codes for permease and ‘ a ’ gene codes for transacetylase. Jacob and Monod proposed the classical model of Lac operon to explain gene expression and regulation in E.coli .
In lac operon, a polycistronic structural gene is regulated by a common promoter and regulatory gene. When the cell is using its normal energy source as glucose, the ‘ i ’ gene transcribes a repressor mRNA and after its translation, a repressor protein is produced. It binds to the operator region of the operon and prevents transcription, as a result, β-galactosidase is not produced. In the absence of glucose, if lactose is available as an energy source for the bacteria then lactose enters the cell as a result of permease enzyme.
Lactose acts as an inducer and interacts with the repressor to inactivate it. The repressor protein binds to the operator of the operon and prevents RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon. In the presence of inducer, such as lactose or allolactose, the repressor is inactivated by interaction with the inducer. This allows RNA polymerase to bind Fig.
. Lac Operon model ,QDEVHQFH RILQGXFHU 5HSUHVVRUELQGVWRWKHRSHUDWRU UHJLRQ R DQGSUHYHQWV $ SRO\PHUDVHIURPWUDQVFULELQJ WKHRSHURQ $3RO\PHUDVH XQDEOHWRELQGWR SURPRWRU $3RO\PHUDVHELQGWRSURPRWRU 5HSUHVVRUP51$ 5HSUHVVRU ,QSUHVHQFH RILQGXFHU 5HSUHVVRUP51$ ODFP51$ ,QGXFHU β JDODFWRVLGDVHSHUPHDVHWUDQVDFHW\ODVH ,QDFWLYHUHSUHVVRU 7UDQVFULSWLRQ 7UDQVODWLRQ S S R ] \ D L S R ] ] \ D \ D L S XII Std Zoology Chapter XII Std Zoology Chapter Molecular Genetics sequences, called microsatellites . The latest method of sequencing even longer fragments is by a method called Shotgun sequencing using super computers, which has replaced the traditional sequencing methods.