Agricultural

Agricultural Toxins in pest-resistant GMOs could negatively impact non-target organisms and harm ecosystems. Proteins transcribed and translated from transferred genes could cause allergic reactions in humans or other animals – currently GM foods are not properly labelled. GMOs with pest toxins could increase evolution of resistance in certain pest populations. Cross-species pollination could spread herbicide resistance genes and create 'super-weeds'. Antibiotic resistance genes used as markers during gene transfer could spread to pathogenic bacteria. Big biotech companies hold monopolistic legal rights (patents) over GM seeds. Biodiversity could be negatively affected by destruction of pests, weeds, and even competing plants. Transferred genes could mutate and cause unexpected risks. GMOs do present two major agricultural problems in the forms of pesticide- and herbicide-resistance. Table . . Risks of GMOs XII Std Zoology Chapter XII Std Zoology Chapter Applications of Biotechnology in return for disclosing the knowledge to the others who may use the knowledge to develop further inventions and innovations. The laws are formulated from time to time at national and international levels. Development of new crop varieties is also an intellectual property right. It is protected by ‘plant breeders rights’ (PBRs). PBRs recognize the fact that farmers and rural communities have contributed to the creation, conservation, exchange and knowledge of genetic and species utilization of genetic diversity. IPR and IPP are granted by the Government to plant breeders for producing a specific plant variety that is new and never existed before. IPR is protected by different ways like patents, copyrights and trade marks.